TABLE 1.
Participant characteristics by BMI category
| n | Total |
<18.5 |
18.5 to <25 |
25 to <30 |
≥30 |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 5120 | n = 206 | n = 3315 | n = 1034 | n = 565 | |||
| Mean (SD) or n (%) | |||||||
| Age at delivery (y) | 5107 | 31.72 (4.80) | 29.95 (5.48) | 31.77 (4.63) | 31.99 (4.97) | 31.67 (4.99) | <0.001 |
| Education, college level and above | 5107 | 2673 (52.34) | 92 (44.88) | 1786 (54.06) | 523 (50.63) | 272 (48.14) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | 5098 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Caucasian | — | 4430 (86.90) | 177 (86.34) | 2951 (89.45) | 863 (83.62) | 439 (78.11) | <0.001 |
| Other | — | 668 (13.10) | 28 (13.66) | 348 (10.55) | 169 (16.38) | 123 (21.89) | <0.001 |
| Marital status, married/living with partner | 5107 | 4831 (94.60) | 184 (89.76) | 3138 (94.92) | 984 (95.35) | 525 (93.09) | 0.003 |
| Smoking during pregnancy | 4628 | 1234 (26.66) | 67 (34.90) | 780 (25.99) | 257 (27.55) | 130 (25.90) | 0.049 |
| Nulliparous | 5112 | 2619 (51.23) | 117 (57.07) | 1813 (54.76) | 462 (44.77) | 227 (40.25) | <0.001 |
| DII (units) | 4467 | −0.92 (2.29) | −0.94 (2.49) | −0.97 (2.25) | −0.86 (2.36) | −0.68 (2.39) | 0.077 |
| CRP (mg/dL) 25th–75th % range (median) | 2580 | 0.12–0.5 (0.27) | 0.12–0.33 (0.20) | 0.10–0.44 (0.22) | 0.16–0.60 (0.33) | 0.23–1.03 (0.43) | <0.001 |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | 4783 | 271 (5.67) | 8 (4.30) | 133 (4.30) | 69 (7.17) | 61 (11.44) | <0.001 |
| Delivered by cesarean section | 5055 | 1343 (26.57) | 48 (23.65) | 778 (23.84) | 312 (30.38) | 205 (36.54) | <0.001 |
| Gestation length (wk) | 5107 | 39.27 (1.73) | 39.12 (1.74) | 39.30 (1.74) | 39.30 (1.63) | 39.10 (1.86) | 0.034 |
| Infant gender, female | 5120 | 2491 (48.65) | 104 (50.49) | 1638 (49.41) | 463 (44.78) | 286 (50.62) | 0.043 |
| Birthweight (g) | 5093 | 3318.88 (515.53) | 3164.22 (443.49) | 3289.04 (508.71) | 3406.52 (506.42) | 3389.90 (563.35) | <0.001 |
| BW/GA Z-score, intergrowth | 5106 | 0.23 (1.07) | −0.06 (1.01) | 0.15 (1.06) | 0.42 (1.03) | 0.46 (1.13) | <0.001 |
| Ever breastfed | 5093 | 4340 (85.22) | 180 (87.38) | 2881 (87.60) | 848 (82.01) | 431 (76.42) | <0.001 |
| Any-breastfeeding duration (mo) | 5093 | 5.57 (5.71) | 4.86 (4.82) | 5.95 (5.79) | 5.21 (5.65) | 4.20 (5.32) | <0.001 |
| Exclusive-breastfeeding duration (mo) | 4146 | 1.86 (2.04) | 1.68 (1.97) | 2.05 (2.06) | 1.68 (2.02) | 1.16 (1.75) | <0.001 |
| Breastfeeding category | 5093 | <0.001 | |||||
| None | 753 (14.78) | 26 (12.62) | 408 (12.40) | 186 (17.99) | 133 (23.58) | ||
| 0 to <6 mo | 2322 (45.59) | 115 (55.83) | 1480 (45.00) | 463 (44.78) | 264 (46.81) | ||
| 6 to <12 mo | 1218 (23.92) | 38 (18.45) | 840 (25.54) | 234 (22.63) | 106 (18.79) | ||
| ≥12 mo | 800 (15.71) | 27 (13.11) | 561 (17.06) | 151 (14.60) | 61 (10.82) | ||
Analysis performed using 1-factor ANOVA for continuous variables and Pearson’s Chi-squared test for categorical variables.
Abbreviations: BW, birthweight; DII, dietary inflammatory index; GA, gestational age.