Table 1.
Characteristics of adults who participated in the Canadian Community Health Survey – Nutrition in 2004 (weighted N = 23,682,000) or 2015 (weighted N = 27,566,000)a.
| Variables | 2004 | 2015 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age; mean ± SD | 46.0 ± 17.3 | 48.9 ± 17.5 | |
| NOVA food group % of energyb± SD | Unprocessed and minimally processed foods | 39.8 ± 19.0 | 39.6 ± 19.0 |
| Processed culinary ingredients | 7.3 ± 7.4 | 7.2 ± 7.3 | |
| Processed foods | 5.8 ± 8.3 | 7.3 ± 10.5 | |
| Ultra-processed foods | 43.3 ± 20.0 | 41.9 ± 20.3 | |
| HEI–2015 score mean ± SD | Total score | 54.1 ± 12.7 | 59.1 ± 14.0 |
| Sex N (%) | Female | 11,846,000 (50.0) | 13,778,000 (50.0) |
| Male | 11,836,000 (50.0) | 13,788,000 (50.0) | |
| Educational attainment N (%) | Less than high school | 4,645,000 (19.8) | 3,254,000 (11.8) |
| High school diploma | 4,256,000 (18.1) | 7,337,000 (26.7) | |
| Some post-secondary | 10,008,000 (42.6) | 9,259,000 (33.8) | |
| Bachelor's degree | 3,139,000 (13.3) | 5,071,000 (18.5) | |
| Higher than Bachelor's degree | 1,402,000 (5.9) | 2,468,000 (9.0) | |
|
Household income adequacy quintilesc,d N (%) |
First (lowest income level) | 4,009,000 (16.9) | 5,095,000 (18.5) |
| Second | 4,231,000 (17.9) | 5,334,000 (19.4) | |
| Third | 4,889,000 (20.6) | 5,031,000 (18.3) | |
| Fourth | 5,276,000 (22.3) | 6,018,000 (21.8) | |
| Fifth (highest income level) | 5,008,000 (21.1) | 6,085,000 (22.1) | |
|
Indigenous status and race/ethnicitye,f N (%) |
White | 19,761,000 (83.4) | 20,263,000 (73.5) |
| East/South East Asian | 1,375,000 (5.8) | 2,410,000 (8.7) | |
| South Asian | 826,000 (3.5) | 1,230,000 (4.5) | |
| Other | 540,000 (2.3) | 926,000 (3.4) | |
| Black | 433,000 (1.8) | 928,000 (3.4) | |
| Middle Eastern | 313,000 (1.3) | 667,000 (2.4) | |
| Indigenous | 271,000 (1.1) | 748,000 (2.7) | |
| Latin American | 121,000 (0.5) | 352,000 (1.3) | |
|
Immigrant status N (%) |
10 years or more | 3,845,000 (16.2) | 5,549,000 (20.1) |
| Less than10 years | 1,691,000 (7.1) | 1,883,000 (6.8) | |
| Non-immigrant | 18,112,000 (76.5) | 19,985,000 (72.5) | |
|
Day of dietary recall N (%) |
Weekday | 13,811,000 (58.3) | 15,976,000 (58.0) |
| Weekend (includes Fridays) | 9,870,000 (41.7) | 11,590,000 (42.0) | |
HEI-2015, Healthy Eating Index-2015; SD, Standard Deviation.
Data are weighted to be nationally representative and are rounded in accordance with Statistics Canada's confidentiality policies.
Alcohol was excluded from total daily energy intake.
Household income adequacy was calculated by adjusting total household income for the low-income cut-offs that correspond to the household and community size of each respondent.
In 2004, the income adequacy quintiles were: 0–96.5%, 96.6–153%, 154–224%, 225–322% and >322% of the low-income cut-off. In 2015, the quintiles were: 0–106%, 107–169%, 170–249%, 250–376% and >376% of the low-income cut-off.
Groups are listed in order based on their proportion of the total population in 2004.
Other includes respondents who self-identified as Other or who selected multiple options.