Table 2.

Trends in Healthy Eating Index-2015 total scores and proportion of energy from ultra-processed foods by Indigenous status and race/ethnicity among adults who participated in the Canadian Community Health Survey – Nutrition in 2004 (weighted N = 23,682,000) or 2015 (weighted N = 27,566,000)^a.

Outcome	Indigenous status and race/ethnicityb,c	2004 Meand (95% CI)	2015 Meand (95% CI)	p trend
HEI-2015 Total score (possible range 0–100)	White	49.2 (48.1, 50.3)	56.3 (54.8, 57.7)	<0.001
	East/Southeast Asian	51.6 (49.8, 53.5)	58.7 (56.7, 60.7)	<0.001
	South Asian	55.1 (52.5, 57.7)	61.9 (59.6, 64.1)	<0.001
	Other	50.9 (48.5, 53.2)	60.1 (57.2, 62.9)	<0.001
	Black	53.2 (50.6, 55.7)	60.7 (58.0, 63.4)	<0.001
	Middle Eastern	55.6 (52.0, 59.2)	61.0 (57.9, 64.0)	0.025
	Indigenous	44.2 (41.9, 46.4)	51.9 (49.6, 54.3)	<0.001
	Latin American	55.1 (49.9, 60.3)	61.0 (57.7, 64.2)	0.06
Ultra-processed foods (% of energy)	White	53.0 (51.3, 54.7)	45.9 (43.5, 48.3)	<0.001
	East/Southeast Asian	37.4 (34.7, 40.2)	32.4 (29.7, 35.1)	0.01
	South Asian	37.1 (33.0, 41.2)	31.0 (27.8, 34.3)	0.023
	Other	48.6 (44.3, 52.9)	35.9 (32.1, 39.6)	<0.001
	Black	51.1 (46.4, 55.7)	38.9 (33.6, 44.3)	<0.001
	Middle Eastern	38.1 (31.8, 44.4)	34.3 (29.4, 39.1)	0.35
	Indigenous	58.2 (55.0, 61.4)	51.9 (48.2, 55.7)	0.012
	Latin American	45.4 (39.5, 51.2)	41.0 (36.0, 45.9)	0.259

Analyses were conducted for 2004 and 2015 separately using multivariable linear regression models and were adjusted for age, sex, and dietary recall day. Z-scores were used to examine trends between 2004 and 2015.

HEI-2015, Healthy Eating Index-2015; CI, confidence interval.

^aData are weighted to be nationally representative and are rounded in accordance with Statistics Canada's confidentiality policies.

^bGroups are listed in order based on their proportion of the total population in 2004.

^cOther includes respondents who self-identified as Other or who selected multiple options.

^dWithin year values are all significantly different from zero (p < 0.001).