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. 2023 Aug 22;24:101496. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101496

Table 3.

Trends in absolute and relative gaps in Healthy Eating Index-2015 total scores and proportion of energy from ultra-processed foods by Indigenous status and race/ethnicity among adults who participated in the Canadian Community Health Survey – Nutrition in 2004 (weighted N = 23,682,000) or 2015 (weighted N = 27,566,000)a.

Outcome Indigenous status and race/ethnicityb,c 2004
Absolute gapsd
(95% CI)		 2015
Absolute gapsd
(95% CI)		 p trend 2004
Relative gapsd
(95% CI)		 2015
Relative gapsd
(95% CI)		 p trend
HEI-2015
Total score (possible range
0–100)
 White Reference
East/Southeast Asian 2.4 (0.8, 4.0)* 2.5 (0.7, 4.2)* 0.969 1.0 (1.0, 1.1)* 1.0 (1.0, 1.1)* 0.849
South Asian 5.9 (3.5, 8.4)** 5.6 (3.7, 7.5)** 0.841 1.1 (1.1, 1.2)** 1.1 (1.1, 1.1)** 0.549
Other 1.7 (−0.5, 3.9) 3.8 (1.2, 6.4)* 0.213 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) 1.1 (1.0, 1.1)* 0.284
Black 4.0 (1.5, 6.4)* 4.5 (2.1, 6.9)** 0.769 1.1 (1.0, 1.1)* 1.1 (1.0, 1.1)** 0.984
Middle Eastern 6.4 (2.8, 10.0)** 4.7 (1.9, 7.5)* 0.465 1.1 (1.1, 1.2)** 1.1 (1.0, 1.1)* 0.325
Indigenous −5.1 (−7.2, −2.9)** −4.3 (−6.4, −2.2)** 0.633 0.9 (0.9, 0.9)** 0.9 (0.9, 1.0)** 0.408
Latin American
 5.9 (0.8, 11.1)*
 4.7 (1.4, 7.9)*
 0.691
 1.1 (1.0, 1.2)*
 1.1 (1.0, 1.1)*
 0.565
Ultra-processed foods (% of energy) White Reference
East/Southeast Asian −15.6 (−17.9, −13.3)** −13.5 (−15.5, −11.6)** 0.173 0.7 (0.7, 0.8)** 0.7 (0.7, 0.7)** 0.834
South Asian −15.9 (−19.9, −12.0)** −14.9 (−17.6, −12.1)** 0.664 0.7 (0.6, 0.8)** 0.7 (0.6, 0.7)** 0.528
Other −4.4 (−8.6, −0.3)* −10.1 (−13.6, −6.5)** 0.043 0.9 (0.8, 1.0)* 0.8 (0.7, 0.9)** 0.012
Black −2.0 (−6.5, 2.6) −7.0 (−11.7, −2.3)* 0.133 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) 0.8 (0.7, 1.0)* 0.087
Middle Eastern −14.9 (−21.1, −8.8)** −11.7 (−16.5, −6.8)** 0.416 0.7 (0.6, 0.8)** 0.7 (0.6, 0.8)** 0.789
Indigenous 5.2 (2.2, 8.1)** 6.0 (2.7, 9.4)** 0.703 1.1 (1.0, 1.2)** 1.1 (1.1, 1.2)** 0.445
Latin American −7.7 (−13.3, −2.0)* −5.0 (−9.3, −0.6)* 0.459 0.9 (0.8, 1.0)* 0.9 (0.8, 1.0)* 0.644

Analyses were conducted for 2004 and 2015 separately using multivariable linear regression models and were adjusted for age, sex, and dietary recall day. Z-scores were used to examine trends between 2004 and 2015.

HEI-2015, Healthy Eating Index-2015; CI, confidence interval.

a

Data are weighted to be nationally representative and are rounded in accordance with Statistics Canada's confidentiality policies.

b

Groups are listed in order based on their proportion of the total population in 2004.

c

Other includes respondents who self-identified as Other or who selected multiple options.

d

For within-year values * indicates p < 0.05 and ∗∗ indicates p < 0.001 compared to zero (absolute gaps) and 1.0 (relative gaps).