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Schematic depicting the relationship between Gal-3 and the checkpoint receptor PD-1, with the proposed negative effect of high Gal-3 on pembrolizumab binding leading to blockade of the ICI’s T cell activation and tumor suppression effects. The proposed reversal of Gal-3’s inhibitory effect on pembrolizumab’s target engagement is also shown with the Gal-3 inhibitor GB1211. The same effect on atezolizumab and PD-L1 is also proposed from the data in this study.
