Table 1:

The summary of the articles.

S. No.	Author/[year]	Country	Study design	Sample	Findings
1.	Yazdanparast et al. [2021]	Iran	Quasi-experimental	60 nurses	Nurse’s role •Explain bad news a simple and understandable manner Nurse barriers •Lack of nurse knowledge •Lack of communication skills •Worry about the patient’s emotional reactions and management
2.	Abbaszadeh et al. [2014]	Iran	Qualitative study	19 nurses	Nurse’s role •Communicating effectively •Make basic preparations for delivering bad news •Minimising the negative things associated with the disease •Help patients and families in treatment
3.	Arbabi et al. [2010]	Iran	Cross-sectional	50 nurses	Nurse method •Nurses prefer to tell bad news to patients when the patient is alone or with a partner Nurse barriers •Lack of communication skills •Worry in managing the patient’s emotional reactions
4.	Alkhawaldeh et al. [2018]	Amerika serikat	Cross- sectional	250 nurses	Nurse’s role •Provide support after delivery of bad news •Give the patient/relatives the opportunity to talk about the bad news •Help patients/relatives understand the implications of bad news •Present when the doctor delivers bad news •Discuss bad news when patients/relatives ask questions •Prepare patient/relatives for bad news Nurse barriers •Limited time •There is no preparation in delivering bad news •Communication barriers •Don’t have enough information •The family’s request to keep the patient's condition confidential •Lack of privacy •Verbal or physical violence from patients/relatives •Nurses receive less support in conveying bad news in certain areas
5.	Griffiths et al. [2015]	UK	Qualitative study	40 nurses	Challenge •Poor patient response •Limited time •Inadequate environment •Limited preparation of nurses
6.	Matthews et al. [2020]	Selandia Baru	Qualitative study	Five patients, four caregivers, two surgeons and two nurses	Nurse’s role •Recognise the patient’s emotional needs •Convey information correctly •Build interpersonal relationships Nurse barriers •Reaction of the patient or family when receiving bad news (closure)
7.	Mishelmovich et al. [2016]	UK	Qualitative study	10 oncology nurses	Nurse’s role •Establish a trusting and meaningful relationship with the patient, finding out what the patient wants Nurse barriers •Lack of skills •Lack of confidence Nurse time constraints •Challenge •Deal with the patient's response •Help patients to stay excited and not give up
8.	Rayan et al. [2022]	Yordania	Cross-sectional	210 nurses	Nurse’s role •Deliver bad news precisely •Provide emotional support Nurse barriers •Lack of training to improve nurses’ skills and knowledge in BBN.
9.	Warnock et al. [2017]	UK	Qualitative study	145 nurses	Nurse’s role •Provides information about diagnosis and treatment. •Accompanying patients in treatment •Preparing the patient for the BBN process •Anticipating the patient’s reaction after receiving the information •Help families understand information
10.	Banerjee et al. [2016]	USA	Qualitative study	146 nurses	Nurse barriers •Difficulty in showing empathy to patients •The burden of delivering bad news •Lack of skills in communicating •Heavy workload •Negative patient and family reactions
11.	Warnock et al. [2010]	UK	Qualitative study	236 nurses	Nurse’s role •Provide support and opportunities for patients and families to talk about bad news •Helping patients and relatives accept the implications of bad news •Discuss bad news when the patient or relative •Prepare patients and relatives for bad news •Deliver bad news directly Nurse barriers •Limited time •Unpreparedness of patients and nurses
12.	Reinke et al. [2010]	USA	Qualitative study	55 patients, 36 family members, 31 doctors and 22 nurses	Nurse’s role •Support patient expectations •Help meet information needs