Table 3.
Summary of the basic mechanism of OV regulating IFN
| Effect on IFN | Oncolytic virus | Mechanism of action | Authors | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-viral effect of inhibiting IFN-I | herpes simplex virus | encoding asparagine deaminase UL37 | Watanabe et al.192 | 2018 |
| modify and inactivate IRIG-1 | Ishino et al.191 | 2021 | ||
| blocking the synthesis of cGAS by cyclic GMP-AMP and its downstream effector STING | Glorioso et al.163 | 2021 | ||
| the combination of viral protein with viral RNA and RIG-I prevents the initiation of IFN-I signal cascade | Linder et al.166 | 2021 | ||
| direct connection of virus protein inhibits the activation of NF-κB and IRF3 downstream and prevents IFN mRNA transcription | Ottolino-Perry et al.169 | 2015 | ||
| oncolytic adenovirus | E1A protein downregulates signal transduction and STAT1 and reduces the signal transmitted when IFN-I binds to its receptor | Delwar et al.193 | 2018 | |
| prevents the formation of ISG3 and blocks the interaction between peripheral blood signal transducer and STAT1 and IRF1 | Komatsu et al.161 | 2016 | ||
| preventing the induction of ISG transcription | Hu et al.194 | 2018 | ||
| the binding of the E1A protein to the nuclear complex prevents histone ubiquitination, chromatin opening, and ISG transcription inhibition | Lipatova et al.165 | 2021 | ||
| Paramyxovirus | encoding v and w proteins interacting with STAT1 and STAT2 | Danziger et al.162 | 2018 | |
| reovirus | viral proteins combine with viral RNA and RIG-I to avoid the start of the IFN-I signaling cascade. Directly inhibit the activation of NF-κB and IRF3 downstream, thus preventing the transcription of IFN mRNA and inhibiting the activation of IFN | Lee et al.120 | 2020 | |
| oncolytic MV | inactivated PP1 was combined to prevent dephosphorylation and activation of RIG-I and MDA5 | Walton et al.164 | 2018 | |
| VSV | matrix proteins interact with nuclear pores, preventing mRNA from being exported to the cytoplasm | Means et al.170 | 2020 | |
| VSV δ 51 has lost its matrix protein in methionine 51 | Velazquez-Salinas et al.171 | 2017 | ||
| oncolytic pox virus | VV encodes B18R, which prevents IFN from binding to the fine-cell receptor | Stewart et al.172 | 2021 | |
| the B18R protein of OV Jx594 is naturally truncated, reducing its affinity for IFN | Sun et al.173 | 2019 | ||
| Enhance the anti-tumor effect of IFN-II | herpes simplex virus | HSV-1 stimulates NK cells to release IFN-II through TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway | Wang et al.174,175 | 2022 |
| oncolytic poxvirus | Recruits macrophages, DCs, and other immune cells to improve the tumor microenvironment and promote IRF-3 transcription activity | Fox et al.176 | 2019 | |
| oncolytic MV | codes IFN-II to kill cancer cells and control tumor proliferation | Robinson et al.178 | 2017 | |
| oncolytic adenovirus | code IFN-γ adenoviral variants to enhance the killing and immune stimulation ability of cancer | Bah et al.179 | 2020 | |
| oncolytic VSV | expresses IFN-γ variants and enhances anti-tumor immunity | Urbiola et al.181 | 2018 | |
| reduces and increases tumor infiltration, Tregs, and CTL respectively, and improves anti-tumor immunity | Ayala Breton et al.182 | 2015 |