Table 2.
The role of extracellular vesicles in Parkinson’s disease
| Source of EVs | Content with biomarker potential | Mouse and cell models for mechanistic studies | Downstream pathways or molecules | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N2a cells, microglia | α-syn | NA | NA | [60, 111–114] |
| Plasma | PrP | NA | NA | [115] |
| CSF | Let-7f-5p, miR-125a-5p, miR-27a-3p, miR-423-5p, and miR-151a-3p | NA | SNCA | [116] |
| CSF | miR-1, miR-19b-3p, miR-153, and miR-409-3p, miR-10a-5p, and let-7g-3p | NA | Dopaminergic synapse and cholinergic synapse | [117] |
| Serum | miR-21-3p, miR-22-3p, miR-223-5p, miR-425-5p, miR-21-3p, and miR-199a | NA | Fatty acid biosynthesis, ECM-receptor interaction, fatty acid metabolism, and hippo signaling pathway | [118] |
| Serum | miR-374a-5p, miR-374b-5p, miR-199a-3p, miR-28-5p, miR-22-5p, and miR-151a-5p | NA | NA | [119] |
| Serum | let-7d, miR-22*, miR-23a, miR-24, miR-142-3p, and miR-222 | NA | NA | [120] |
| Serum | miR-24, miR-195, and miR-19b | NA | NA | [121] |
| Serum | miR-29c | NA | NA | [122] |
| Plasma | miR-331-5p and miR-505 | NA | NA | [123] |
| Plasma | let-7e-5p | NA | TLR7 | [124] |
| Plasma | miR-15b-5p, miR-30c-2-3p, miR-138-5p, miR-106b-3p, miR-338-3p, and miR-431-5p | SH-SY5Y cells | Dopaminergic synapse and Parkinson's disease pathways | [125] |
NA No accessible data in the study; CSF Cerebrospinal fluid; N2a cells Mouse neuroblastoma neuro-2a cells; PrP prion protein