Table 5.

Use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) to treat neurodegenerative diseases

Disease	Source of EVs	Mouse and cell models for mechanistic studies	Results	References
AD	MSCs	5 × FAD mice	Reduce chronic inflammation, facilitate the Aβ clearance	[183]
	MSCs	C57BL/6 mice	Promote neurogenesis and cognitive function recovery	[184]
	hucMSC	APP/PS1 mice	Repair cognitive disfunctions, clear Aβ deposition	[185]
	BM-MSCs	APP/PS1 mice	Reduce the Aβ plaque burden and the amount of dystrophic neurites in both the cortex and hippocampus	[186]
	BM-MSCs	APP/PS1 mice	Increase the expression of microRNA-146a in the hippocampus, decrease the levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in astrocytes, leading to synaptogenesis and the correction of cognitive impairment	[91]
	MSCs	APP/PS1 mice	Suppress the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cultured primary neurons and ameliorate the neural impairment of CA1 synaptic transmission in an AD mouse model	[187]
	MSCs	APP/PS1 mice	Improve learning and memory capabilities with reduced plaque deposition and Aβ levels and normalize levels of inflammatory cytokines	[188]
	Neuroblastoma	APP transgenic mice	Decrease Aβ levels, amyloid deposition, and Aβ-mediated synaptotoxicity in the hippocampus	[189]
	Neuronal	APP transgenic mice	Decrease Aβ and amyloid deposition	[190]
	Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells	N2a cells	Decrease the levels of Aβ	[191]
	Dendritic cells	C57BL/6 mice	Decrease BACE1 and Aβ	[175]
PD	Macrophages	PD mouse	Reduce brain inflammation	[192]
	Dendritic cells	S129D α-Syn transgenic mice	Reduce α-syn and intraneural protein aggregation	[176]
	Dental pulp stem cells	ReNcell VM immortalized human neural stem cell	Reduce the production of ROS and consequently apoptosis	[193]
	hucMSCs	SH-SY5Y cell	Reduce the dopaminergic neuron loss and apoptosis and upregulate the levels of dopamine in the striatum	[194]
	Dendritic cells	C57BL/6 male mice	Clear pre-existing extracellular Aβ	[175]
ALS	Murine adipose-derived stromal cells	NSC-34 cells	Increase ALS motoneuron survival, probably counteracting the apoptosis pathway	[177]
	Adipose-derived stem cell	G93A ALS mice model neuronal cells	Reduce mutant SOD1 aggregation and restore mitochondrial protein function	[178]
HD	Adipose-derived stem cells	HD model	Reduce huntingtin protein aggregation and apoptotic protein levels, reduce mutant huntingtin (mHtt) accumulation in neuronal cells	[168]
	U87 glioblastoma cells	Wild-type FVBNj mice	Promote dose-dependent silencing of HTT and protein	[179]