TABLE 2.
Clinical characteristics of participants of the severe COVID-19, moderate COVID-19, and control groups.
| Variables | Severe | Moderate | Control | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years old) | 45 ± 10.0 | 51 ± 13.9 | 42 ± 9.1 | p = 0.09 |
| Gender | p = 0.30 | |||
| Male | 6 (85.7%) | 11 (64.7%) | 10 (90.9%) | |
| Female | 1 (14.3%) | 6 (35.3%) | 1 (9.1%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 ± 2.3 | 32.5 ± 8.4 | 30.8 ± 7.9 | p = 0.83 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hypertension | 1 (14.3%) | 3 (17.6%) | 1 (9.1%) | p = 0.82 |
| Diabetes | 1 (14.3%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0 (0%) | p = 0.12 |
| Dyslipidemia | 0 (0%) | 2 (11.8%) | 0 (0%) | p = 0.34 |
| COPD | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | - |
| Asthma | 0 (0%) | 0 0%) | 0 (0%) | - |
| CAD/revascularization | 3 (42.8%) | 2 (11.8%) | 0 (0%) | p = 0.09 |
| Others | 1 (14.3%) | 5 (29.4%) | 0 (0%) | p = 0.13 |
| Smoking | p = 0.30 | |||
| No | 2 (28.5%) | 7 (41.1%) | 7 (63.6%) | |
| Past or today | 5 (71.4%) | 10 (58.8%) | 4 (36.3%) | |
| Medications in use | ||||
| Antihypertensive | 3 (42.8%) | 4 (23.5%) | 1 (9.1%) | p = 0.22 |
| Antidiabetic | 0 (0%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0 (0%) | p = 0.58 |
| Statin | 0 (0%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0 (%) | p = 0.58 |
| Platelet antiaggregant | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | - |
| Anticoagulant | 0 (0%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0 (0%) | p = 0.64 |
| Others | 0 (0%) | 1 (5.9%) | 1 (9.1%) | p = 0.14 |
| Post-COVID-19 symptoms self-reported | ||||
| Fatigue | 6 (85.7%) | 11 (64.7%) | - | p = 0.30 |
| Dyspnoea | 3 (42.8%) | 6 (35.3%) | - | p = 0.73 |
| Muscle pain | 4 (57.1%) | 5 (29.4%) | - | p = 0.20 |
| Joint pain | 4 (57.1%) | 5 (29.4%) | - | p = 0.20 |
| Headache | 1 (14.3%) | 4 (23.5%) | - | p = 0.61 |
| Dizziness | 2 (28.5%) | 4 (23.5%) | - | p = 0.80 |
| Memory deficit | 6 (85.7%) | 8 (45.1%) | - | p = 0.08 |
| Difficulty concentrating | 5 (71.4%%) | 7 (41.1%) | - | p = 0.18 |
| Feeling of hearing loss | 1 (14.3%) | 3 (17.6%) | - | p = 0.84 |
| Hair loss | 4 (57.1%) | 6 (35.3%) | - | p = 0.32 |
| Loss of smell | 1 (14.3%) | 4 (23.5%) | - | p = 0.73 |
| Physical activity ≥ 150 min/week | 3 (42.8%) | 6 (35.3%) | 5 (45.4%) | p = 0.85 |
| Baseline vital signs | ||||
| HR (bpm) | 90 ± 15.8 | 82 ± 10.1 | 91 ± 10.3 | p = 0.10 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 120 ± 10 | 120 ± 9.3 | 125 ± 7.5 | p = 0.32 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80 ± 8.1 | 80 ± 8.1 | 80 ± 4.9 | p = 0.37 |
| % SpO2 | 95 ± 0.9 | 96 ± 1.8 | 96 ± 0.9 | p = 0.29 |
Note: numerical data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical data are expressed as absolute and relative frequency (%); BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CAD, coronary artery disease; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; %SpO2: oxygen saturation; significance level p< 0.05.