TABLE 4.
Biochemical parameters of the severe COVID-19, moderate COVID-19, and control group in pre- and post-assessment intervention.
| Variables | Severe | Moderate | Control | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Δ% | Pre | Post | Δ% | Pre | Post | Δ% | |||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) a | 101.4 ± 15.8 | 96.1 ± 11.7 | −4.5 | 95.9 ± 9.4 | 92.0 ± 13.3 b | −6.2 | 96.9 ± 8.0 | 88.9 ± 8.6 b | −8.3 | ||
| HbA1C (%) | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 6.1 ± 0.3 | −5.9 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 0.8 | −3.6 | 6.5 ± 0.7 | 6.1 ± 0.7 | −6.3 | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) a | 175.5 ± 22.4 | 166.0 ± 23.1 | −5.5 | 177.7 ± 33.2 | 157.9 ± 33.9 | 1.1 | 200.1 ± 44.9 | 177.1 ± 16.3 b | −8.9 | ||
| HDL-c (mg/dL) a | 47.2 ± 6.8 | 52.1 ± 5.9 b | 11.2 | 54.6 ± 15.1 | 57.3 ± 12.9 | 6.2 | 52.7 ± 14.8 | 54.0 ± 12.2 | 3.1 | ||
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | 97.3 ± 23.6 | 91.3 ± 26.0 | −7.2 | 93.1 ± 25.2 | 91.1 ± 27.1 | −0.8 | 103.7 ± 26.5 | 99.1 ± 32.1 | 0.7 | ||
| TGL (mg/dL) a | 155.1 ± 59.3 | 112.2 ± 51.8 b | −28.2 | 149.5 ± 79.6 | 91.0 ± 35.1 b | −15.6 | 179.6 ± 101.6 | 147.7 ± 74.0 b | −31.0 | ||
| ALT (U/L) | 35.8 ± 12.8 | 28.0 ± 7.6 | −19.5 | 29.0 ± 16.0 | 29.8 ± 14.2 | 12.0 | 37.9 ± 18.9 | 40.3 ± 19.1 | 38.5 | ||
| AST (U/L) | 30.7 ± 8.9 | 27.4 ± 7.2 | −6.7 | 33.0 ± 15.6 | 29.8 ± 5.8 | −4.3 | 33.6 ± 12.1 | 38.1 ± 17.7 | 22.8 | ||
| ALP (U/L) | 63.0 ± 16.7 | 60.4 ± 20.3 | −2.9 | 67.5 ± 15.1 | 72.1 ± 16.9 | 5.6 | 66.3 ± 12.6 | 67.4 ± 13.2 | 4.0 | ||
| GAMMA-GT (U/L) | 44.5 ± 12.6 | 39.7 ± 9.5 | −9.8 | 38.2 ± 18.3 | 38.5 ± 17.3 | 11.7 | 38.2 ± 16.4 | 55.1 ± 27.2 | 45.1 | ||
| Albumin (g/dL) a | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.2 b | 11.9 | 4.0 ± 0.3 b | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 12.2 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 6.1 | ||
| CRP (mg/L) a | 10.1 ± 8.9 | 2.5 ± 1.7 | −56.6 | 8.9 ± 6.2 | 3.1 ± 3.2 b | −68.4 | 11.7 ± 4.8 | 4.0 ± 4.5 b | −25.1 | ||
Note: data expressed as mean and ±standard deviation; Δ% = relative delta; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein; TGL, triglycerides; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GAMMA-GT, Gamma-glutamyl transferase; CRP = C-reactive protein; Δ = relative delta.
a
time difference from post-intervention.
b
significant difference between pre− and post-intervention for the same group intervention; significance level established p<0.05.