TABLE 1.
Participant demographics.
| Group | Responder Mean (SD) |
Non-responder Mean (SD) |
| N | 21 | 27 |
| Age | 21.4 (2.8) | 21.6 (3.7) |
| Sex | 14F, 6M, 1T | 20F, 5M, 2N |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | ||
| White | 66% | 56% |
| Asian/Asian American | 19% | 22% |
| Black/African American | 5% | 7% |
| Multiracial | 5% | 11% |
| Other | 5% | 4% |
| Hispanic/Latinx/a/o | 33% | 19% |
| Education (completed) | 13.6 years (2.2) | 13.8 years (2.5) |
| Beck Depression Inventory-II (%)* | 19.5 (11.2) | 26.2 (11.6) |
| Healthy | 33% | 19% |
| Mild | 24% | 14% |
| Moderate | 24% | 26% |
| Severe | 19% | 41% |
| Depression diagnosis (%) | 90% | 89% |
| Depression + anxiety | 52% | 52% |
| Depression + anxiety + ADHD | 14% | 22% |
| Depression + ADHD | 10% | 0% |
| Depression | 14% | 15% |
| Anxiety | 5% | 4% |
| No diagnosis | 5% | 7% |
| Time taking antidepressants (%) | ||
| 1–4 months | 10% | 26% |
| 4–6 months | 14% | 15% |
| 6–12 months | 14% | 26% |
| 12+ months | 62% | 33% |
| Switched antidepressants (past) | 24% | 33% |
| Number of depressive episodes (%) | ||
| 1–2 episodes | 19% | 22% |
| 3–4 episodes | 14% | 19% |
| More than 5 episodes | 7% | 19% |
| More than 10 episodes | 57% | 37% |
| No response | 0% | 4% |
| Perceived depression severity (before antidepressants) * | 8.9 (1.0) | 6.5 (2.4) |
| Perceived depression severity (after antidepressants) | 3.9 (1.2) | 4.6 (1.8) |
| Perceived antidepressant efficacy (before – after)* | 5.0 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.4) |
| Antidepressant type (%) | 12 SSRI, 9 other | 16 SSRI, 11 other |
| SSRI | 52% | 60% |
| SNRI | 5% | 4% |
| NDRI | 24% | 25% |
| TCA | 5% | 11% |
| Other | 5% | 0% |
| Medications (%) | ||
| Antidepressants | 100% | 100% |
| Antidepressants (secondary) | 10% | 11% |
| Stimulants | 19% | 11% |
| Antipsychotics | 0% | 4% |
| Anticonvulsants | 5% | 4% |
| Anxiolytics | 5% | 0% |
| Perceived Stress Scale (past month) | 20.9 (4.3) | 22.5 (5.1) |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory* | 19.2 (10.1) | 25.7 (10.2) |
| Hours of sleep (last night) | 7.0 (1.5) | 7.0 (1.8) |
| Hours of sleep (past month) | 7.1 (1.1) | 7.0 (1.5) |
| COVID-19 stress* | 4.5 (0.9) | 5.3 (0.7) |
| % stress level change due to COVID-19 | ||
| Gotten worse | 76% | 82% |
| Improved | 10% | 7% |
| Remained the same | 14% | 11% |
*Significant group difference. F, female; M, male; T, transgener; N, non-binary; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; SSRI, serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor; SNRI, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; NDRI, norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant.