Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants
| Characteristic | Women (n = 322) | Men (n = 203) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IS‐L (n = 101) | IS‐O (n = 104) | IR (n = 83) | T2D (n = 34) | p value | IS‐L (n = 30) | IS‐O (n = 89) | IR (n = 49) | T2D (n = 35) | p value | |
| Age (years) | 68.0 ± 4.7 | 67.7 ± 4.7 | 68.1 ± 4.5 | 68.7 ± 4.2 | 0.71 | 68.8 ± 4.4 | 68.8 ± 4.3 | 69.0 ± 4.3 | 70.8 ± 5.8 | 0.19 |
| Height (cm) | 161.5 ± 6.6 | 160.3 ± 5.6 | 159.8 ± 5.5 | 158.6 ± 5.5 | 0.06 | 173.3 ± 5.1 | 173.8 ± 6.6 | 172.5 ± 6.0 | 170.7 ± 6.7 | 0.10 |
| Weight (kg) | 60.0 ± 6.7 | 73.4 ± 7.0 | 74.4 ± 11.6 | 75.5 ± 12.0 | NA | 68.9 ± 6.0 | 84.1 ± 9.9 | 84.3 ± 10.4 | 88.4 ± 13.4 | NA |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.0 ± 1.6 | 28.6 ± 2.6 | 29.1 ± 4.1 | 30.0 ± 4.1 | NA | 22.9 ± 1.5 | 27.8 ± 2.6 | 28.3 ± 2.8 | 30.2 ± 3.6 | NA |
| Smoker | 7 (7%) | 7 (7%) | 3 (4%) | 4 (12%) | 0.44 | 3 (10%) | 5 (6%) | 5 (10%) | 4 (11%) | 0.65 |
| Alcohol | 14 (14%) | 12 (12%) | 12 (14%) | 1 (3%) | 0.33 | 10 (33%) | 25 (28%) | 8 (16%) | 2 (6%) | 0.02 |
| Falls | 34 (34%) | 39 (38%) | 35 (42%) | 18 (53%) | 0.23 | 11 (37%) | 30 (34%) | 15 (31%) | 7 (21%) | 0.48 |
| Osteoporosis treatment | 18 (18%) | 18 (17%) | 12 (14%) | 6 (18%) | 0.93 | 2 (7%) | 3 (3%) | 3 (6%) | 1 (3%) | 0.77 |
| Prior fracture | 20 (20%) | 20 (19%) | 18 (22%) | 6 (18%) | 0.96 | 7 (23%) | 11 (12%) | 5 (10%) | 2 (6%) | 0.17 |
| T2D duration (years) | NA | NA | NA | 5.4 (3.5–10.7) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5.5 (1.8–8.1) | NA |
| T2D treatment | ||||||||||
| Diet | 7 (21%) | 11 (31%) | ||||||||
| Oral agents | 23 (68%) | 21 (60%) | ||||||||
| Insulin (+/− oral) | NA | NA | NA | 4 (12%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3 (9%) | NA |
| Biochemical | ||||||||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.8 (4.4–5.0) | 4.7 (4.5–5.1) | 5.3 (4.9–5.6) b | 6.5 (5.3–7.2) b , c , d | <0.0001 | 4.8 (4.7–5.4) | 5.1 (4.8–5.4) | 5.2 (4.9–5.6) | 6.7 (5.3–7.6) a , b , c | <0.0001 |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 5.44 (7.47–4.54) | 7.55 (6.00–9.29) a | 15.23 (13.02–21.35) a , b | 18.65 (13.31–42.76) a , b , c | <0.0001 | 5.97 (4.17–7.74) | 7.69 (5.77–9.13) d | 15.49 (12.56–19.12) a , b | 16.34 (12.16–24.58) a , b | <0.0001 |
| HOMA‐IR | 1.13 (0.90–1.55) | 1.61 (1.24–2.00) | 3.62 (2.99–4.96) | NA | NA | 1.28 (0.91–1.89) | 1.73 (1.31–2.11) | 3.73 (2.90–4.78) | NA | NA |
| 25OHD (nmol/L) | 72.7 ± 22.3 | 65.8 ± 19.8 | 71.8 ± 25.0 | 64.3 ± 20.3 | 0.06 | 78.4 ± 20.1 | 77.5 ± 21.7 | 68.1 ± 17.1 | 69.8 ± 22.3 | 0.03 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 69.9 ± 13.5 | 68.8 ± 10.5 | 74.2 ± 17.4 | 72.4 ± 13.5 | 0.048 | 85.2 ± 14.2 | 92.0 ± 16.3 | 88.0 ± 17.6 | 88.1 ± 19.2 | 0.21 |
| eGFR | 82.1 ± 14.3 | 83.3 ± 12.2 | 77.9 ± 16.8 | 81.1 ± 14.3 | 0.07 | 84.6 ± 12.5 | 79.3 ± 13.7 | 82.9 ± 15.1 | 83.5 ± 14.6 | 0.2 |
Note: Values are shown as means ± SD, median (IQR), or number (%). p value for ANOVA (with Bonferroni correction) and chi‐squared test. Bolded values indicate p < 0.05.
Abbreviations: 25OHD, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D; CTX, C‐terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; IR, insulin resistant; IS‐L, insulin sensitive lean; IS‐O insulin sensitive overweight; NA, not applicable; NS, not significant; OC, osteocalcin; P1NP, procollagen type 1 N propeptide; T2D, type 2 diabetes.
a
p < 0.01 versus IS‐L.
b
p < 0.01 versus IS‐O.
c
p < 0.01 versus IR.
d
p < 0.05 versus IS‐L.
e
p < 0.05 versus IS‐O.