Figure 4.

A model of actions of cinnamon polyphenols (CPs) in the insulin signal transduction pathway leading to beneficial effects in subjects with glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes. ⁵³ IRS, insulin receptor substrate; PI3K, 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; PTP-1, protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1; PDK1, phosphatidylinositol-dependent protein kinase 1; FAT, fat; G-6-P, glucose 6-phosphate; PKB, protein kinase B; UDPG, uridine diphosphoglucose; GM-CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; Cox2, cyclooxygenase-2; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; –, negative effect; +, positive effect. ⁵²