Table 1.

Conventional antidiabetic drugs and their major adverse effects. ¹⁹

S. No.	Drug class	Example of drugs	Adverse effects
1	Insulin and analogues	Regular insulin	Hypoglycemia, weight gain, insulin allergy, and lipodystrophy at injection sites
2	Sulphonylureas	Glibenclamide	Hypoglycemia, weight gain, cardiovascular risk, rash, cholestatic jaundice, bone marrow damage, and photosensitivity
3	Meglitinides	Repaglinide	Hypoglycemia and sensitivity reactions
4	Biguanides	Metformin	Gastrointestinal effects and lactic acidosis
5	GLP-1 agonists	Exenatide	Gastrointestinal effects, pancreatitis risks for cancer, and cardiovascular events
6	DPP-4 inhibitors	Saxagliptin	Pancreatitis, risk for cancer, acute hepatitis, and kidney impairment
7	Thiazolidinediones	Pioglitazone	Hepatitis, cardiovascular risk, bladder cancer, water retention, and weight gain
8	Dual PPAR agonists	Saroglitazar	Gastritis, asthenia, and pyrexia
9	Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors	Acarbose	Gastrointestinal effects and hepatitis
10	Amylin analogues	Pramlintide	Hypoglycemia and allergy
11	SGLT 2 inhibitors	Canagliflozin	Glycosuria and cardiovascular concern