TABLE 5.
Cardiometabolic indices of the participants before and after the study, as well as changes during the study.
| Before | After | p a | Δ c | SMD d | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | 25th | 75th | Median | 25th | 75th | Mean | SD | Median | 25th | 75th | |||
| FBS (mg/dL) | |||||||||||||
| Intervention (n = 18) | 148.50 | 130.00 | 191.50 | 157.50 | 129.50 | 191.25 | .632 | −2.61 | 32.68 | −1.00 | −28.75 | 15.25 | .024 |
| Control (n = 18) | 172.00 | 140.25 | 200.75 | 172.00 | 135.25 | 198.75 | .879 | −2.16 | 57.81 | 7.00 | −24.25 | 20.75 | |
| p b | .496 | .669 | .601 | ||||||||||
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | |||||||||||||
| Intervention (n = 18) | 10.03 | 8.76 | 17.07 | 10.64 | 6.27 | 16.26 | .267 | 1.41 | 4.81 | 1.79 | −2.1 | 3.79 | .418 |
| Control (n = 18) | 12.63 | 9.76 | 19.02 | 14.93 | 7.60 | 20.78 | .500 | −2.32 | 10.10 | −0.12 | −5.26 | 3.22 | |
| p b | .506 | .184 | .206 | ||||||||||
| HOMA‐IR | |||||||||||||
| Intervention (n = 18) | 4.70 | 3.21 | 6.09 | 4.74 | 2.35 | 7.08 | .586 | 0.49 | 3.40 | 0.68 | −1.87 | 1.25 | .381 |
| Control (n = 18) | 5.46 | 3.51 | 7.21 | 5.68 | 3.01 | 9.70 | .948 | −1.08 | 5.97 | 0.54 | −4.09 | 2.24 | |
| p b | .467 | .327 | .899 | ||||||||||
| HOMA‐B | |||||||||||||
| Intervention (n = 18) | 55.24 | 30.51 | 70.66 | 40.58 | 24.12 | 49.49 | .085 | 6.73 | 25.48 | 8.00 | −2.36 | 20.10 | .394 |
| Control (n = 18) | 41.89 | 27.68 | 66.20 | 52.55 | 19.98 | 106.42 | .845 | −4.50 | 42.80 | 2.37 | −36.88 | 13.58 | |
| p b | .569 | .376 | .343 | ||||||||||
| TG (mg/dL) | |||||||||||||
| Intervention (n = 18) | 147.00 | 127.50 | 243.50 | 188.50 | 125.25 | 247.00 | .695 | −2.33 | 76.79 | 7.50 | −41.50 | 19.75 | −.204 |
| Control (n = 18) | 155.00 | 97.50 | 226.00 | 145.50 | 122.00 | 214.00 | .296 | −15.77 | 80.14 | −8.50 | −47.50 | 25.75 | |
| p b | .429 | .359 | .624 | ||||||||||
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||||||||||||
| Intervention (n = 18) | 169.50 | 152.75 | 219.50 | 184.00 | 166.00 | 204.75 | .368 | −4.16 | 22.90 | −2.50 | −25.25 | 8.75 | −.378 |
| Control (n = 18) | 161.00 | 135.75 | 183.25 | 160.50 | 129.00 | 185.00 | .663 | −4.94 | 41.82 | −4.50 | −37.50 | 15.75 | |
| p b | .169 | .094 | .950 | ||||||||||
| HDL‐c (mg/dL) | |||||||||||||
| Intervention (n = 18) | 44.50 | 35.00 | 54.00 | 42.00 | 36.00 | 48.50 | .377 | 2.22 | 7.20 | 0.001 | −1.75 | 5.50 | .228 |
| Control (n = 18) | 42.50 | 33.00 | 49.00 | 45.00 | 32.75 | 52.00 | .393 | −1.83 | 8.94 | −1.00 | −4.00 | 2.00 | |
| p b | .704 | .763 | .267 | ||||||||||
| LDL‐c (mg/dL) | |||||||||||||
| Intervention (n = 18) | 89.50 | 81.25 | 125.25 | 104.00 | 87.25 | 124.00 | .616 | −3.88 | 18.52 | −0.50 | −14.25 | 11.50 | −.466 |
| Control (n = 18) | 85.00 | 67.00 | 103.50 | 85.50 | 58.25 | 103.75 | .760 | −2.55 | 28.92 | 0.001 | −27.25 | 13.00 | |
| p b | .194 | .054 | .987 | ||||||||||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | |||||||||||||
| Intervention (n = 18) | 135.00 | 125.00 | 147.00 | 130.00 | 119.50 | 139.25 | .011 | 6.50 | 10.13 | 3.50 | 1.00 | 17.25 | .156 |
| Control (n = 18) | 140.00 | 128.25 | 153.75 | 128.00 | 121.00 | 144.25 | .009 | 8.94 | 11.98 | 10.50 | 0.50 | 18.25 | |
| p b | .318 | .812 | .334 | ||||||||||
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | |||||||||||||
| Intervention (n = 18) | 88.00 | 80.75 | 90.50 | 80.00 | 77.50 | 85.50 | .002 | 4.72 | 4.93 | 4.50 | 1.50 | 8.00 | .422 |
| Control (n = 18) | 88.50 | 86.00 | 91.50 | 85.50 | 80.75 | 88.50 | .015 | 4.38 | 11.55 | 5.00 | 1.50 | 10.25 | |
| p b | .205 | .078 | .751 | ||||||||||
| AST (IU/L) | |||||||||||||
| Intervention (n = 18) | 20.00 | 16.00 | 27.00 | 18.00 | 15.25 | 22.25 | .106 | 13.83 | 44.09 | 2.50 | −2.00 | 8.00 | .283 |
| Control (n = 18) | 19.50 | 17.00 | 24.00 | 19.50 | 16.00 | 24.00 | .909 | −0.66 | 6.46 | 0.001 | −2.50 | 3.25 | |
| p b | 1.000 | .515 | .234 | ||||||||||
| ALT (IU/L) | |||||||||||||
| Intervention (n = 18) | 24.50 | 18.00 | 32.25 | 22.50 | 17.50 | 27.50 | .111 | 3.61 | 8.21 | 2.00 | −2.25 | 8.00 | .251 |
| Control (n = 18) | 24.50 | 19.75 | 28.00 | 26.00 | 17.75 | 33.50 | .979 | 0.05 | 8.83 | 0.001 | −6.25 | −0.05 | |
| p b | .886 | .590 | .267 | ||||||||||
| MDA (μmol/L) | |||||||||||||
| Intervent on (n = 18) | 1.93 | 1.79 | 2.16 | 2.10 | 1.58 | 2.23 | .407 | −0.05 | 0.26 | 0.001 | −0.20 | 0.10 | −.719 |
| Control (n = 18) | 1.84 | 1.65 | 2.05 | 1.78 | 1.53 | 2.00 | .061 | 0.18 | 0.37 | 0.12 | −0.05 | 0.31 | |
| p b | .401 | .044 | .062 | ||||||||||
Note: Data are reported as median and IQR (25th and 75th percentiles) and mean ± SD (standard deviation) for differences. p < .05 considered as significant.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BP, blood pressure; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic assessment model for insulin resistance; HOMA‐B, homeostatic assessment model for β‐cell function; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; MDA, malondialdehyde; SMD, standardized mean difference; TG, triacylglycerol.
a
Wilcoxon signed rank test.
b
Mann–Whitney U test.
c
Mean difference.
d
Glass' Δ.