Table 2.
Comparison Between the Two Groups by Univariate Analysis
| Characteristics | OR(95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Duration of type 2 diabetes (years) | 0.933(0.914–0.952) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 1.363(1.008–1.839) | 0.043 |
| Age (years) | 0.994(0.981–1.007) | 0.338 |
| ≤45 | 1.146(0.732–1.804) | 0.553 |
| 45–55 | 1.711(1.086–2.719) | 0.022 |
| 55–65 | 1.228(0.842–1.786) | 0.284 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.945(0.907–0.984) | 0.006 |
| <24 | 1.655(1.124–2.451) | 0.011 |
| 24–28 | 1.723(1.227–2.421) | 0.002 |
| Employment status | ||
| Working | 1.464(1.083–1.985) | 0.014 |
| Others | 0.848(0.415–1.814) | 0.658 |
| Marriage status | ||
| Married | 1.069(0.436–2.393) | 0.876 |
| Education | ||
| ≤High school | 1.324(0.950–1.843) | 0.097 |
| ≥Bachelor degree | 2.506(1.627–3.920) | <0.001 |
| Economic | ||
| Independent | 1.130(0.459–2.552) | 0.777 |
| Medical insurance | ||
| Yes | 0.964(0.397–2.126) | 0.931 |
| Frequency of blood glucose monitoring | 1.001(1.000–1.001) | 0.033 |
| ≥200 | 1.795(1.336–2.419) | <0.001 |
| Regular outpatient visits | 1.128(1.023–1.244) | 0.016 |
| ≥4 | 1.405(1.046–1.890) | 0.024 |
| Times of in-clinic health education | 0.918(0.866–0.972) | 0.003 |
| Number of messages sent by patient | 1.001(0.100–1.002) | 0.314 |
| Number of messages received by patient | 1.000(0.100–1.001) | 0.361 |
| Times of valid communication between patients and the healthcare support team | 1.164(0.755–1.765) | 0.483 |
| Number of out-of-hospital follow-ups | 0.952(0.937–0.968) | <0.001 |
| Number of emergency follow-up visits | 0.956(0.941–0.971) | <0.001 |
| Reading diabetes articles | 1.019(1.003–1.042) | 0.053 |
| Systolic pressure | 0.994(0.986–1.003) | 0.185 |
| Diastolic pressure | 1.012(0.997–1.027) | 0.128 |
| HbA1c at admission | 0.723(0.662–0.791) | <0.001 |
| Proteinuria – mild | 0.626(0.394–1.011) | 0.051 |
| Proteinuria – severe | 0.353 (0.193–0.646) | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 0.900(0.797–1.016) | 0.087 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.974(0.907–1.044) | 0.426 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 0.996(0.990–1.002) | 0.247 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 0.944(0.877–1.004) | 0.094 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 1.001 (0.999–1.002) | 0.496 |
| ALT (U/L) | 0.999(0.990–1.009) | 0.878 |
| AST (U/L) | 1.022(1.003–1.042) | 0.025 |
| GGT (U/L) | 1.001(0.996–1.006) | 0.635 |
| TBil (μmol/L) | 1.020(0.994–1.048) | 0.133 |
| ALB (g/L) | 1.073(1.032–1.116) | <0.001 |
| TP (g/L) | 1.023(0.995–1.052) | 0.109 |
Abbreviations: ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; OR, odd ratio; TC, total cholesterol; TBil, total bilirubin; TG, triglyceride; TP, total protein.