Table 1.
Description of Outcome Measures
| Outcome Measure | Description and Study Use | Psychometric Properties | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult Sensory Profile (ASP) | A 60-item survey completed by the caregiver, who answers on the basis of the observed behaviors and preferences of the person with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Items are categorized in one of four sensory processing patterns (15 items each): low registration, sensation seeking, sensory sensitivity, and sensation avoiding. The ASP was used to tailor individualized intervention development. | Validated in people with dementia and norm referenced (Chung, 2006) | Preintervention |
| Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) | The COPM is a client-centered, standardized outcome measure that identifies challenges in performance among three categories of occupation: self-care (personal care, functional mobility, and community management), productivity (paid/unpaid work, household management, and play/school), and leisure (quiet recreation, active recreation, and socialization). Caregivers were asked to rate the patient’s performance level and their own satisfaction with the performance level for the selected activity using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (lowest level) to 10 (highest level). | COPM is a valid tool for use with home-residing older adults among multidisciplinary clinicians and researchers (Tuntland et al., 2016) | Preintervention, postintervention, and 4-wk follow-up |
| Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) | The CDR was administered at screening by a certified tester to determine eligibility for enrollment. It is a structured interview protocol that assesses memory, orientation, judgment and problem-solving, community affairs, home and hobbies, and personal care. Scores are combined to obtain a composite score ranging from 0 (no dementia) to 3 (severe cognitive impairment). | Internationally recognized valid and reliable tool for determining stages of dementia (Morris et al., 1988) | Preintervention, postintervention, and 4-wk follow-up |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) | The MoCA assesses attention and concentration, memory, language, conceptual thinking, calculations, and orientation. It was administered by videoconference to the person with AD with facilitation from the caregiver to set up the computer, provide needed testing materials, and sustain the engagement of the person with AD. Total possible score is 30 points; a score of ≥26 is considered normal. | Validated and reliable measure for people with dementia (Lyrakos et al., 2014) and for telehealth implementation (DeYoung & Shenal, 2018) | Preintervention, postintervention, and 4-wk follow-up |
| Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI–Q) | The NPI–Q assesses 12 behavioral and psychiatric domains (delusions, hallucinations, irritability, anxiety, agitation, depressions, dysphoria, apathy, disinhibition, aberrant motor behavior, appetite/eating changes, and nighttime behavior). The caregiver rates each behavior that is present for severity in the patient (1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe) and distress to the caregiver (ranging from 0 = not distressing at all to 5 = extreme or very distressing). | Established high validity in use by telehealth application (Camozzato et al., 2015) | Preintervention, postintervention, and 4-wk follow-up |
| Zarit Burden Interview | A 22-question interview that assesses the burden of providing care rated by the caregiver. Each item is rated on a scale: 0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = quite frequently, and 4 = nearly always. | Valid and reliable tool for use with caregivers of persons with dementia (Hébert et al., 2000) | Preintervention, postintervention, and 4-wk follow-up |