Fig. 2.

Regulation of glucose and glutamine metabolism and pH by HIF-α. Blue circles indicate proteins encoded by HIF-α target genes. To compensate for the reduced flux of glucose to citrate, reductive glutamine metabolism generates cytosolic citrate for de novo lipid synthesis. α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; Glu, glutamate; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; NBC, Na⁺/HCO₃⁻ co-transporter; TCA, tricarboxylic acid