Table 2.

List of original emission methods evaluated on clinical PET data

Study	Method	Validation data† (Tracer)	Region	Reported error (%)
				Proposed method	Vendor method
Siegel et al. [122]*	Segmentation of body contour from sinogram data	~ 300 (2-[18F]FDG, [18F]DOPA, [15O]H2O and [13N]Ammonia)	Whole body	< 8.9% (Brain 2-[18F]FDG), ± 10% (renal flow ([13N]Ammonia)	N/A
Chang et al. [145]	Segmentation of body organs from NAC PET images	14 (2-[18F]FDG)	Thorax	6 ± 7 (lung lesions), 3 ± 6 (bone lesions) ▪	N/A
Mehranian et al. [142, 304]	MLAA with prior MR spatial and CT statistical information using Gaussian mixture model (MLAA-GMM)	5 (2-[18F]FDG)	Whole body	−11.6 ± 6.0 (cerebrum), −3.5 ± 6.6 (lung), −12.6 ± 8.6 (bone)	Dixon: −18.5 ± 11.3, Dixon: −5.4 ± 12.0, Dixon: −19.8 ± 8.4
Mehranian et al. [137]	MLAA-GMM including lung segmentation from CT images	17 (2-[18F]FDG and 2 with [18F]Choline)	Whole body	−0.8 ± 6.3 (lung), −5.7 ± 3.2 (myocardium), −2.0 ± 2.1 (bone)	Dixon: −5.2 ± 7.1, Dixon: −9.5 ± 4.3, Dixon: −14.1 ± 2.5
Benoit et al. [143]	MLAA using UTE and T1 images as anatomical prior information for updating the attenuation map	204 (2-[18F]FDG)	Brain	−1.5 ± 3.5	Dixon: −11.8 ± 4.5, UTE: −6.5 ± 2.0
Mehranian et al. [133]	MLAA with spatial constrains from MR images using penalty functions during image reconstruction for updating μ values (P-MLAA+) and both μ-map and activity distribution (P-MLAA++)	8 (2-[18F]FDG)	Brain	−3.0 ± 3.5 (P-MLAA+), −4.2 ± 3.6 (P-MLAA++)□	Dixon: −13.5 ± 3.1

The regional mean relative error along with the standard deviation (where available) in radiotracer uptake across subjects is reported unless otherwise specified. The corresponding error for the vendor provided method is quoted where available. CT was used for reconstruction of the reference images unless otherwise specified

^†Number of patients on which the method is evaluated

*transmission data used for reconstructing the reference PET images, ^▪relative difference in SUV_max is reported, ^□ voxel-wise error is reported