Table 4.

Fixed effects model for population health disparities.

	All-cause mortality						CVD mortality						UI mortality
	Crude			Adjusted*			Crude			Adjusted*			Crude			Adjusted*
	β	SE	p	β	SE	p	β	SE	p	β	SE	p	β	SE	p	β	SE	p
Healthcare system
PCP density	− 0.72	0.13	< .0001	− 0.72	0.14	< .0001	− 0.41	0.05	< .0001	− 0.41	0.05	< .0001	− 0.16	0.12	0.17	− 0.09	0.12	0.49
AC bed density	0.05	0.03	0.08	0.12	0.07	0.13	0.01	0.01	0.30	− 0.01	0.03	0.62	0.005	0.01	0.43	− 0.05	0.02	0.01
LTC bed density	− 0.07	0.29	0.82	− 0.20	0.26	0.44	− 0.10	0.12	0.36	− 0.13	0.09	0.16	0.04	0.07	0.52	0.06	0.07	0.33
ICU bed density	0.26	0.18	0.15	− 0.52	0.50	0.30	0.09	0.07	0.21	0.15	0.18	0.38	0.07	0.04	0.08	0.36	0.13	0.005
Socioeconomic structure
Education	0.10	0.68	0.88	− 0.02	0.62	0.98	− 0.20	0.27	0.47	− 0.30	0.22	0.18	0.21	0.16	0.18	0.14	0.16	0.35
Economic development
Increase	12.2	11.0	0.27	8.63	10.1	0.39	6.74	4.44	0.13	4.76	3.61	0.19	1.30	2.56	0.61	0.47	2.59	0.86
Decrease	− 15.1	38.2	0.69	− 26.9	34.9	0.44	23.0	15.3	0.13	− 21.1	12.5	0.09	− 6.95	8.79	0.43	− 4.18	8.77	0.63
No change	− 10.2	10.7	0.34	1.00	–	–	− 8.11	4.27	0.06	1.00	–	–	− 0.66	2.47	0.79	1.00	–	–

CVD cardiovascular disease; UI unintentional injury; PCP primary care physician; AC acute care; LTC long-term care; ICU intensive-care unit; SE standard error.

*Model adjusted for sex ratio and proportion of population aged 65 +  and weighted by population density.