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. 2023 Sep 11;10:614. doi: 10.1038/s41597-023-02531-2

Table 2.

Summary of the target issues for each Data QA/QC module.

Module Issue category Issue
Timestamp Alignment Wrong timestamp specification

• Misspecified beginning or ending timestamps

• Timestamps not matched with time zone specification

• Use of daylight saving time

• Data streams not synchronized

Radiation measurement issue

• Tilted radiation sensor

• Shaded radiation measurements

• Higher than expected radiation readings

Physical Range Plausibility check

• Excessive outlier (i.e., out-of-range) points

• Percentage-ratio check (i.e., percentages provided as ratios)

Variability check

• Trend

• Step change

• Repeating patterns or filled constants

• Measurement or processing cut-off

• Other unrecognized patterns

Multivariate Comparison Short-term mismatch

• Outlier (sporadically erroneous data)

• Short-term mismatch (erroneous data for a specific period)

• Shaded radiation (periodically erroneous data)

Unexpected relationship

• Variables not synchronized in time

• Derived one from another (perfectly fit)

Change of slope

• Trend (systematic change in the regression slope)

• Step change in full range (change in the regression slope)

Diurnal-Seasonal Pattern Misalignment between median diurnal composite

• Change of the sign convention

• Shift in timestamps

Unexpected data ranges

• Physically unlikely values

• Excessive outlier

• Step change in the full range

USTAR Filtering FC-USTAR filtering

• Filtered FC by USTAR threshold

• Filtered USTAR

Variable Coverage Unexpected variable coverage

• Long data gaps

• All empty columns

• Missing mandatory variables

• Mismatched or inconsistent variable naming

Details of each module are explained in Supplementary Text S1. Example figures are provided in Supplementary Figures S4-S17.