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. 2023 May 10;44(10):3523–3533. doi: 10.1007/s10072-023-06835-4

Table 4.

Association between presence of individual components of metabolic syndrome and scores of paper-based neuropsychological tests (N=2,077).

Cognitive function scores Model 1 a Model 2 b
Beta 95% CI Beta 95% CI
Abdominal obesity
 Trail Making Test
  Part A 0.52 -0.56, 1.59 0.47 -0.62, 1.57
  Part B -0.48 -2.19, 1.24 -0.64 -2.38, 1.11
 Verbal Fluency
  Semantic -0.31 -0.86, 0.24 -0.16 -0.72, 0.40
  Phonemic -0.35* -0.69, 0.01 -0.25 -0.60, 0.10
 Logical Memory
  Immediate recall -0.23 -0.66, 0.21 -0.14 -0.58, 0.31
  Delayed recall -0.37* -0.59, -0.14 -0.32* -0.55, -0.09
Elevated triglycerides
 Trail Making Test
  Part A 1.19 -0.05, 2.43 1.18 -0.06, 2.43
  Part B 0.72 -1.27, 2.71 0.73 -1.27, 2.73
 Verbal Fluency
  Semantic -0.21 -0.86, 0.43 -0.10 -0.75, 0.54
  Phonemic 0.05 -0.35, 0.45 0.09 -0.31, 0.49
 Logical Memory
  Immediate recall -0.47 -0.97, 0.03 -0.43 -0.93, 0.08
  Delayed recall -0.14 -0.40, 0.12 -0.11 -0.37, 0.15
Low HDL cholesterol
 Trail Making Test
  Part A 0.91 -0.19, 2.01 0.88 -0.23, 1.99
  Part B 0.96 -0.79, 2.71 0.89 -0.88, 2.66
 Verbal Fluency
  Semantic -0.62* -1.18, -0.06 -0.49 -1.06, 0.08
  Phonemic -0.17 -0.52, 0.18 -0.10 -0.45, 0.25
 Logical Memory
  Immediate recall -0.44 -0.88, 0.01 -0.37 -0.81, 0.08
  Delayed recall -0.26* -0.49, -0.03 -0.23 -0.46, 0.00
High blood pressure
 Trail Making Test
  Part A 0.49 -0.72, 1.69 0.49 -0.72, 1.70
  Part B -0.39 -2.31, 1.54 -0.44 -2.36, 1.49
 Verbal Fluency
  Semantic -0.20 -0.82, 0.42 -0.12 -0.74, 0.50
  Phonemic -0.11 -0.49, 0.28 -0.06 -0.44, 0.33
 Logical Memory
  Immediate recall -0.16 -0.65, 0.32 -0.12 -0.61, 0.37
  Delayed recall -0.18 -0.43, 0.08 -0.15 -0.40, 0.10
Elevated fasting glucose
 Trail Making Test
  Part A 1.52 -0.25, 3.28 1.46 -0.32, 3.23
  Part B 0.30 -2.52, 3.13 0.29 -2.55, 3.13
 Verbal Fluency
  Semantic 0.76 -0.15, 1.67 0.92 -0.02, 1.83
  Phonemic 0.10 -0.47, 0.66 0.17 -0.40, 0.74
 Logical Memory
  Immediate recall -0.80* -1.51, -0.09 -0.76* -1.47, -0.05
  Delayed recall -0.25 -0.62, 0.12 -0.21 -0.58, 0.16

CI, confidence interval

*significant at p<0.05

aAdjusted for age (continuous), sex, education (primary and secondary school, high school, higher education). b Adjusted for age (continuous), sex, education (primary and secondary school, high school, higher education), cardiovascular disease (absence or presence of stroke or ischemic heart disease or heart failure or other heart disease diagnosis), alcohol consumption (never, less than once/month, 1-3 times/month, 1-2 times/week, almost every day) and physical activity (continuous).