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. 2023 Jun 29;44(10):3457–3480. doi: 10.1007/s10072-023-06870-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

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Fig. 2 — Cerebral angiography, vertebral artery injections. A The A-V shunt at the fistula site is indicated by the white arrow (LL view). The arterial feeder is the posterior meningeal artery (PMA), arising from the vertebral artery. B Same as in (A) but with digitally subtracted images showing the feeding artery (PMA, a), the fistula site (white arrow), and the precociously enhanced straight sinus (v). Retrograde venous drainage route is indicated by the black arrow. C Parenchimal-phase acquired image showing backward venous drainage route (black arrows) toward the perimedullary venous system. D Late acquisition image showing venous blood direction (black arrows) reaching the perimedullary venous system at cervical level (*)