Figure 1.

Diversity analyses in phylum and genus levels. Alpha diversity measurements using observed taxa, Shannon, and Simpson indices in (A) phylum and (B) genus levels. We constructed mixed violin and box plots to represent the sample groups before and at the end of Ramadan fasting. Changes between two-time points for each subject are shown by red or blue lines for increased or decreased values, respectively. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was performed to compare two-time groups, and respective p-values are presented on top of the figures. The PCoA plots of beta diversity (C) in phylum- and (D) genus-level compositions at each time point, based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity. The plots were drawn using the first two axes, and the percentage of variation explained by each axis is represented in parentheses. Each point represents one sample in each group, and ellipses correspond to a 95% confidence interval. The significance was tested by PERMANOVA, and obtained F-scores and p-values are submitted at the bottom of the plots.