TABLE 5.
Self‐efficacy Outcomes for random control and non‐random control two‐group studies.
| Study first author | Sample | Instrument (s) | Experimental group | Control group | Statistically significant change in self‐efficacy | Outcome | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RCT/non‐RCT‐two group | N | Variable (s) | Pre‐test | Post‐test | Pre‐test | Post‐test | Yes/No | Effect size (r) |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||||
|
Ataee et al. (2019) RCT |
37: EG 19; CG 18 |
Instrument: Self‐efficacy in clinical performance (SECP) questionnaire Variables: Self‐efficacy |
129.89 (18.98) | 161.26 (6.07) | 125.88 (10.15) | 119.72 (10.13) | EG and CG post: Yes |
EG: T0‐T1: 0.74 CG: T0‐T1: −0.3 |
|
Alfes (2015) RCT |
77 MN (n = 31; BSN (n = 46) |
Instrument: Mental Health Nursing Clinical Confidence Scale Variables: Self‐efficacy |
No SD | No SD | No SD | No SD |
MN No BSN Yes |
NCC |
|
Chang et al. (2020) (Non‐RCT‐two groups) |
36: EG (n = 18); CG (n = 18) |
Instrument: A modified self‐learning efficacy scale Variables: Self‐efficacy |
NDR | 3.68 (0.62) | NDR | 3.13 (0.34) |
EG: Yes CG: Yes |
NCC |
| Fertelli (2020) (Non‐RCT‐two groups) | 68: EG (n = 34); CG (n = 34) |
Instrument: Academic Self‐Efficacy Scale Variables: Self‐efficacy |
19.02 (2.83) | 21.65 (3.41) | 20.08 (2.53) | 20.21 (2.45) |
EG & CG Yes |
EG: 0.39 CG: 0.12 |
|
Chu (2019) (Non‐RCT‐two groups) |
151; EG (n = 76; CG (n = 75) | Instrument: Self‐efficacy in evidence‐based practice (SE‐EBP) scale Variables: Self‐efficacy | T0 62.76 (21.66) |
T1 89.03 (15.19) T2 86.86 (15.72) |
T0 63.61 (16.39) |
T1 82.15 (17.52) T2 81.32 (17.80) |
EG & CG: T1 Yes T2 No |
EG: T0‐T1: 0.57 T0‐T2: 0.54 CG: T0‐T1:0.48 T0‐T2:0.46 |
|
Baek et al. (2019) (Non‐RCT‐two groups) |
66: EG (n = 35); CG (n = 31) |
Instrument: Self‐efficacy regarding SML instrument Variables: Self‐efficacy |
16.61 (3.58) | 21.14 (2.97) | 17.25 (3.20) | 17.70 (3.97) |
EG & CG Yes |
EG: 0.57 CG: 0.06 |
|
Parvizy (2020) (Non‐RCT‐two groups) |
60 | Instrument: The PNKAS self‐efficacy questionnaires Variables: Self‐efficacy | 18.06 (No SD) | 21.3 (No SD) | 17.1 (No SD) | 20.36 (No SD) |
EG & CG: No |
NCC |
|
Sharour (2019) (Non‐RCT‐two groups) |
70 EG (n = 35); CG n = 35) |
Instrument: The GSE general self‐efficacy scale Variables: Self‐efficacy |
23.2 (2.31) | 35.50 (3.25) | 22.8 (2.21) | 24.25 (2.85) |
EG & CG Yes |
EG: 0.91 CG: 0.27 |
|
Derikx (2014) RCT |
30 (n = 15); RNAs device A |
Instrument: The Self‐efficacy in resuscitation measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS) Variables: ‐ RNs Self‐efficacy |
RNAs: T0: 6.9 (1.9) |
RNAs: T1: 6.1 (1.6) T2:5.7 (2.2) |
NDR |
NDR |
NDR |
RN: T0‐T1: −0.22 T0‐T2: −0.28 |
|
Iannuzzi (2019) RCT |
14: EG 6; CG 8 |
Instrument: Family Nurse Practitioner Autism Self‐Efficacy Scale (FNPASE) Variables: Self‐efficacy |
49.0 (6.7) |
91.7 (11.0) |
48.9 (11.8) |
54.0 (8.7) |
NDR |
EG: 0.91 CG: 024 |
|
Larsen (2011) (Non‐RCT‐two groups) |
39: EG (n = 14); CG (n = 25) |
Instrument: Transcultural Self‐Efficacy Tool Variables: Cognitive SE Practical SE Affective SE |
169.5 (34.9) 196 (36.0) 257.7 (21.2) |
206.4 (31.0) 230.5 (37.3) 271.4 (25.3) |
NDR |
NDR |
EG: Yes Yes Yes CG: NDR |
EG: 0.49 0.43 0.28 CG: NCC |
|
Moeini (2019) RCT |
52 |
Instrument: Self‐efficacy of clinical performance questionnaire Variables: self‐efficacy |
53.23 (10.5) |
72.22 (10.50) |
NDR |
NDR |
EG Yes CG No |
EG: 0.69 CG: NCC |
|
Gotwals (2018) (Non‐RCT‐two groups) |
92: EG (n = 55); CG (n = 37) |
Instrument: Health Promotion Counselling Self‐Efficacy scale (HPCSE) Variables: ‐ Nutrition knowledge self‐efficacy ‐ Nutrition counselling self‐efficacy |
NDR NDR |
NDR NDR |
NDR NDR |
NDR NDR |
EG and CG: Yes ED and CG Yes |
NCC |
|
Phuangngoenmak (2019) RCT |
60: EG 30; CG 30 |
Instrument: Perceived Self‐efficacy in DM Care questionnaire Variables: Self‐efficacy |
T0: 57.96 (6.4) |
T1: 71.60 (3.6) T2: 72.23 (3.2) |
T0: 54.93 (11.2) |
T1: 57.96 (6.4) T2: 57.96 (6.4) |
EG & CG T0‐T1 Yes T0‐T2 Yes |
EG: T0‐T1: 0.80 T0‐T2: 0.82 CG: T0‐T1:0.16 T0‐T2: 0.16 |
|
Topbaş et al. (2019) RCT |
56: EG 28; CG 28 |
Instrument: General Self‐Efficacy Scale (GSES) Variables: Self‐efficacy |
30.21 (6.34) |
31.79 (5.39) |
30.43 (4.57) |
32.57 (6.94) |
T0‐T1 EG YES EG & CG No |
EG: T0‐T1: 0.13 CG: T0‐T1: 0.18 |
|
Mun and Hwang (2020) RCT |
56: EG 28; CG 28 |
Instrument: Self‐efficacy scale for chemotherapy nursing scale Variables: Self‐efficacy |
36.54 (3.28) |
37.32 (3.35) |
35.54 (3.53) |
37.25 (2.59) |
EG & CG T0‐T1 No |
EG: T0‐T1: 0.12 CG T0‐T1: 0.27 |
Note: T0 time 0 (pre‐test), T1 time 1 (post‐test), T2 time 2 (delayed post‐test); T3 time 3 (delayed post‐test); T4 time 4 (delayed post‐test).
Abbreviations: CG, control group; EG, experimental group; M, mean; NA, not available; NCC, no calculation completed; NDR, no scale data for nursing students reported; RN, Registered Nurse; SD, standard deviation; SE, self‐efficacy.