Table 2. Key Secondary Outcome Analysis.

Outcome	No./total (%)		Risk difference, % (95% CI)a	Relative risk (95% CI)a	P valueb
	Minimally invasive surfactant therapy (n = 224)	Control treatment (n = 229)
Death or neurodevelopmental disabilityc,d,e	78/215 (36.3)	79/219 (36.1)	0.0 (−7.6 to 7.7)	1.00 (0.81 to 1.24)	.99
Death prior to 2 y corrected age	29/224 (12.9)	24/229 (10.5)	2.4 (−3.6 to 8.4)	1.23 (0.69 to 2.19)	.48
Neurodevelopmental disabilityc,d,e	49/186 (26.3)	55/195 (28.2)	−1.6 (−9.4 to 6.2)	0.94 (0.71 to 1.25)	.69

^a Adjusted for gestational age group.

^b P value for relative risk derived from generalized linear model.

^c Neurodevelopmental disability, defined as any of (1) moderate to severe cognitive or language impairment; (2) cerebral palsy equivalent to Gross Motor Function Classification System ≥2²⁰; (3) visual impairment; and (4) hearing impairment. See eTable 1 in Supplement 3 for further details of the approach to outcome ascertainment with the different modalities of data capture.

^d Key secondary outcome not determinable from available follow-up data in 9 of 224 infants in the minimally invasive surfactant therapy group and 10 of 229 infants in the control group.

^e Neurodevelopmental disability assessment at 2 years was by online questionnaire including Parent Report of Children’s Abilities–Revised in 315 infants (minimally invasive surfactant therapy: 152, control: 163, including 64 and 69 cases, respectively, in which the questionnaire was administered using a translated version). Other modes of follow-up were face-to-face assessment including Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition in 38 infants (minimally invasive surfactant therapy: 19, control: 19), abbreviated questionnaire in 25 (minimally invasive surfactant therapy: 14, control: 11), and a combination of modalities in 3 (minimally invasive surfactant therapy: 1, control: 2).