TABLE 1.
Studies included in the review
| Author (year) [Ref.] | Study type | Number of relatives | PICS-F area | Time-point of PICS-F assessment |
Statistically significant risk factors for anxiety | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naef et al. (2021) [20] | PC | 214 |
ANX DEP PTSD |
Within the 1st month after ICU | MA: death of a patient |
POOR 5/9 |
| Meyers et al. (2020) [21] | PC | 103 |
ANX | 3 and 6 months after ICU | UA: prior mental health history, relative’s anxiety during ICU, patient’s anxiety | POOR 3/9 |
| Lester et al. (2020) [22] | PC | 96 | ANX | 3 and 6 months after hospitalisation | ANCOVA: anxiety at baseline | FAIR 5/9 |
| Tang et al. (2020) [23] | PC | 278 | ANX DEP |
1, 3, and 6 months after patient’s death | MA: severe anxiety symptoms at 1 month after patient’s death, physician-surrogate prognostic communication | FAIR 6/9 |
| Metzger et al. (2019) [24] | PC | 101 |
ANX DEP |
3 months after ICU | MA: unemployment, subsequent depression, witnessing CPR, poor neurological outcome, concomitant mental disorders, use of psychotropic drugs | FAIR 5/9 |
| Lee et al. (2019) [25] | PC | 162 | ANX DEP PTSD |
~ 6 months after ICU | MA: pre-existing mental health disorder during the year prior ICU, recent serious physical illness, female sex of a relative, no health problems before ICU admission | POOR 5/9 |
| Fumis et al. (2019) [26] | PC | 186 | ANX | 1 and 3 months after ICU | MA: atheism, lack of previous ICU experience, higher education, cohabitation with a patient | GOOD 8/9 |
| Oliveira et al. (2018) [27] | PC | 118 | ANX DEP |
1 and 3 months after ICU | MA: female sex of a relative | GOOD 7/9 |
| Beesley et al. (2018) [28] | PC | 99 | ANX | 3 months after ICU | MA: history of anxiety, cortisol awakening response | GOOD 7/9 |
| Petrinec et al. (2017) [29] | PC | 48 | ANX DEP PTSD |
1 week, 1 and 2 months after ICU discharge or death | MA: previous history of psychiatric symptoms, previous history of psychiatric symptoms, avoidant coping mechanism, previous history of psychiatric symptoms, emotion-focused coping mechanism | POOR 4/9 |
| Matt et al. (2017) [30] | PC | 143 | ANX DEP PTSD |
3 months after hospitalisation | MA: female sex of a relative, being a spouse, low quality of life of a patient after ICU, death of a patient | GOOD 9/9 |
| McPeake et al. (2016) [31] | PC | 36 |
ANX DEP PTSD CS INS |
Between 4 weeks to 3 years after ICU | UA: caregiver strain was associated with depression, poor quality of life of the patient, anxiety was associated with anxiety | POOR 4/9 |
| Hartog et al. (2015) [32] | PC | 84 |
ANX DEP PTSD |
3 months after ICU | MA: being a spouse, female sex of a relative, lower satisfaction with communication and care | GOOD 7/9 |
| de Miranda et al. (2011) [33] | PC | 102 | ANX DEP PTSD |
3 months after ICU | MA: large ICU (> 12 beds), depressive symptoms at discharge associated with PTSD | FAIR 6/9 |
| Pillai et al. (2010) [34] | PC | 178 | ANX PTSD |
2 months after ICU discharge or death | UA: lower education levels, trauma admission, greater depression associated with PTSD | POOR 5/9 |
| Anderson et al. (2008) [35] | PC | 50 | ANX DEP PTSD CG |
1 and 6 months after ICU | UA: younger age of a relative | POOR 5/9 |
| Meyers et al. (2020) [36] | PC | 103 |
DEP | 3 and 6 months after hospital discharge | UA: no college education, baseline depressive symptoms, patient’s depressive symptoms | POOR 2/9 |
| Kentish-Barnes et al. (2017) [37] |
RCT | 208 | DEP PTSD CG |
1 month and 6 months after ICU | MA: being a spouse, female sex of a relative, younger age of a patient, relative living alone | N/A |
| Warren et al. (2016) [38] | PC | 100 |
DEP PTSD |
3 months after ICU | UA: traumatic brain injury as a cause of ICU admission | POOR 5/9 |
| Downey et al. (2015) [39] | RCT | 193 |
DEP | 3 and 6 months after ICU | Path model: younger age of a patient, depression of a relative during hospitalisation, being a spouse, death of a patient in the ICU | N/A |
| Davydow et al. (2013) [40] | PC | 1212 | DEP | A maximum of 2 years after ICU | MA: female sex of a spouse, disability of patients after hospitalisation | GOOD 8/9 |
| Choi et al. (2013) [41] |
PC | 50 |
DEP | 2 months after ICU | UA: difficult financial situation, relative who lived with a patient prior to an ICU hospitalisation, unemployment, limited activity of a patient prior to an ICU hospitalisation | POOR 4/9 |
| Gries et al. (2010) [42] |
RCT | 226 |
DEP PTSD |
At least 6 months after ICU | MA: female sex of a relative, education, fewer years of association with a patient, psychotropic drugs taken by relatives prior to the ICU hospitalisation, psychiatric counselling prior to the ICU hospitalisation, neurologic counselling prior to the ICU hospitalisation | N/A |
| Douglas et al. (2010) [43] | PC | 370 | DEP | 2 months after ICU | MA: female sex of a relative, worse condition of a patient during hospitalisation, institutional residency 2 months after discharge | FAIR 6/9 |
| Van Pelt et al. (2010) [44] | PC | 48 |
DEP LD |
2, 6 and 12 months after initiation of mechanical ventilation | MA: male sex of a patient, tracheostomy, higher education of a patient, lower patient’s activity post-ICU | POOR 4/9 |
| Van Pelt et al. (2007) [45] | PC | 169 | DEP LD |
2, 6 and 12 months after initiation of mechanical ventilation | MA: older patient, using paid assistance, pre-ICU functional dependency | POOR 5/9 |
| Douglas et al. (2005) [46] | RCT | 290 | DEP CB |
2 months after ICU | MA: depression of a relative during hospitalisation, children as caregivers, institutional residency 2 months after discharge | N/A |
| Im et al. (2004) [47] | PC | 115 |
DEP | 2 months after ICU | MA: greater caregiver support | POOR 5/9 |
| Cleiren et al. (2002) [48] | CSS | 95 |
DEP PTSD |
~ 6 months after death in the ICU | UA: female sex of a relative, being a spouse or a parent | POOR 4/10 |
| Wendlandt et al. (2018) [49] | RCT | 306 |
PTSD | ~ 3 months after initiation of mechanical ventilation | MA: depression of a relative during hospitalisation associated with PTSD, patient’s unresponsiveness | N/A |
| Choi et al. (2018) [50] | PC | 99 | PTSD | 3 and 6 months after ICU | MA: caregiver anxiety during ICU hospitalisation, bond with the patient | POOR 6/9 |
| Schoeman et al. (2017) [51] | PC | 60 | PTSD | 3 months after ICU admission | UA: unemployment of a relative | POOR 7/9 |
| Trevick et al. (2017) [52] | PC | 30 |
PTSD CG |
1 and 6 months after enrolment in the ICU | UA: daily visits at the ICU, persistent perceived pain | POOR 5/9 |
| Wintermann et al. (2016) [53] | CSS | 83 | PTSD | ~ 5 months after transfer from ICU to rehabilitation facility | MA: longer ICU hospitalisation, psychiatric disorders in an ICU patient | POOR 7/10 |
| Kentish-Barnes et al. (2015) [54] |
PC | 475 | PTSD CG |
6 months after ICU | MA: patient died while intubated, female sex of a relative, relative living alone, no chance to say the final goodbye, presence at the time of patient’s death, patient did not breathe peacefully, not understanding the concept of brain death | FAIR 6/9 |
| Andersen et al. (2015) [55] | PC | 51 | PTSD | 2 months after ICU | UA: higher patient’s APACHE II score, longer ICU LOS, female sex of a relative, lower educational level of a relative, anxiety of a relative at admission of a patient | POOR 4/9 |
| Fumis (2015) [56] |
PC | 184 |
PTSD | 1 month after ICU | MA: younger age of a patient, death of a patient, anxiety and depression of a relative during an ICU hospitalisation | GOOD 8/9 |
| Zimmerli et al. (2014) [57] | CSS | 101 |
PTSD | ~ 2.5 years after cardiac arrest | MA: female sex of the relative, history of the depression, therapeutic measures perceived as insufficient | GOOD 9/10 |
| Sundararajan et al. (2014) [58] |
PC | 63 | PTSD | 3 months after ICU | UA: anxiety during ICU hospitalisation was associated with PTSD | POOR 5/9 |
| Dithole et al. (2013) [59] |
PC | 28 | PTSD | 6 months after ICU | UA: female sex of a relative | POOR 5/9 |
| Azoulay et al. (2005) [60] | PC | 284 |
PTSD | 3 months after ICU | MA: cancer of a patient, higher APACHE II score, death of a patient, children of patients, female sex of a relative, relatives who felt the information from medical team was incomplete, involvement of family members in everyday decisions | GOOD 7/9 |
| Jones et al. (2004) [61] |
RCT | 104 | PTSD | 6 months after ICU | UA: anxiety and depression of a relative during an ICU hospitalisation | N/A |
| Kentish-Barnes et al. (2018) [62] |
PC | 117 | CG | 9 months after patient’s death | UA: not understanding the concept of brain death | POOR 5/9 |
| Vallet et al. (2019) [63] |
PC | 191 | CB | 6 months after ICU | MA: lower daily activity of a patient | GOOD 7/9 |
| Myhren et al. (2010) [64] | CSS | 354 | PD | 1 month after ICU | MA: unemployment status, more environmental strain, less hope for the situation to get better, absence from work, patient still in hospital/institution at the time of evaluation | GOOD 9/10 |
| Siegel et al. (2008) [65] |
CSS | 41 | ANX DEP PANIC CG |
3 to 12 months after patient’s death | UA: being a spouse, suffering from an additional stressor, the patient’s sickness duration < 5 years, failure to find the comforting physician | POOR 4/10 |
| Azoulay (2022) [66] |
PC | 602 |
ANX DEP |
3 months after ICU | MA: patient was a COVID-19 patient, family member is female, younger family member, lower level of social support, death of a patient | GOOD 9/9 |
| Fu et al. (2021) [67] |
CSS | 554 |
CB | Unclear | MA: younger age of a relative, higher education of a family member, being other than a spouse, higher caregiving time each day, older patient, poor health of a patient, prior chronic disease of patient, worse economic situation, not being covered by a medical aid system | GOOD 8/10 |
| Heesakkers et al. (2022) [68] | PC | 166 | ANX DEP PTSD |
3 and 12 months after ICU | MA: prior mental health disorders in family | FAIR 6/9 |
| Milton et al. (2021) [69] |
PC | 62 | CB | 3 months after ICU | MA: worse ICU outcome of a patient | GOOD 7/9 |
| McPeake et al. (2022) [70] | PC | 170 | ANX CS INS |
12 months after ICU | MA: pre-ICU mental health disease in critically ill patient, younger caregiver age | GOOD 7/9 |
ICU – intensive care unit, PC – prospective cohort study, RCT – randomised controlled study, CSS – cross-sectional study, ANX – anxiety, DEP – depression, PTSD – post-traumatic stress disorder, CG – complicated grief, CB – caregiver burden, CS – caregiver strain, LD – lifestyle disruption, INS – insomnia, UA – univariable analysis, MA –multivariable analysis