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Changes in gut motility Decreased colonic contractions and water imbalances leading to hard stools and infrequent defecation |
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Altered intestinal permeability (widened tight junctions between the intestinal epithelial cells) An inflammatory response in proximity to nerve fibers throughout the gut epithelium |
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Visceral hypersensitivity Enhanced sensitization of afferent nerve pathways within the gut |
| Changes in gut microbiota and other triggers of gut inflammation and immune activation |
