Table 2.
Screening of the covariates related to all-cause and CVD-specific mortality
| Variables | All-cause mortality | CVD-specific mortality | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age | ||||
| <40 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 40–60 | 1.52 (1.23–1.87) | < 0.001 | 1.44 (1.03–2.01) | 0.032 |
| ≥60 | 4.22 (3.52–5.07) | < 0.001 | 4.32 (3.14–5.95) | < 0.001 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | ||
| Female | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 0.582 | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | 0.242 |
| Race | ||||
| Mexican American | Ref | Ref | ||
| Other Hispanic | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) | 0.945 | 1.17 (0.79–1.72) | 0.435 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.61 (1.37–1.90) | < 0.001 | 1.57 (1.21–2.03) | < 0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.36 (1.14–1.61) | < 0.001 | 1.39 (1.05–1.84) | 0.023 |
| Other race - including multi-racial | 1.13 (0.89–1.43) | 0.314 | 1.39 (0.97–1.99) | 0.074 |
| Education level | ||||
| Less Than 9th Grade | Ref | Ref | ||
| 9-11th Grade | 0.72 (0.61–0.86) | < 0.001 | 0.59 (0.45–0.78) | < 0.001 |
| High School Grad/GED or Equivalent | 0.68 (0.58–0.79) | < 0.001 | 0.67 (0.51–0.87) | 0.003 |
| Some College or AA degree | 0.53 (0.44–0.63) | < 0.001 | 0.52 (0.40–0.67) | < 0.001 |
| College Graduate or above | 0.44 (0.36–0.54) | < 0.001 | 0.46 (0.34–0.61) | < 0.001 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | Ref | Ref | ||
| Widowed | 3.08 (2.76–3.43) | < 0.001 | 3.19 (2.60–3.91) | < 0.001 |
| Divorced | 1.23 (1.05–1.45) | 0.012 | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | 0.549 |
| Separated | 1.14 (0.90–1.46) | 0.284 | 1.37 (0.90–2.09) | 0.143 |
| Never married | 0.78 (0.64–0.95) | 0.015 | 0.79 (0.61–1.04) | 0.095 |
| Living with partner | 0.75 (0.58–0.96) | 0.022 | 0.44 (0.27–0.71) | < 0.001 |
| PIR | ||||
| ≤1 | Ref | Ref | ||
| >1 | 0.76 (0.66–0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.81 (0.64–1.04) | 0.093 |
| Unknown | 0.78 (0.65–0.95) | 0.011 | 0.55 (0.38–0.79) | 0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
| No | 0.68 (0.62–0.75) | < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.70–0.95) | 0.008 |
| Drinking | ||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
| No | 1.01 (0.80–1.27) | 0.958 | 0.76 (0.48–1.22) | 0.255 |
| BMI | ||||
| ≤25 | Ref | Ref | ||
| >25 | 0.74 (0.66–0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.78 (0.66–0.92) | 0.003 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| ≤750 | Ref | Ref | ||
| >750 | 0.55 (0.50–0.61) | < 0.001 | 0.54 (0.45–0.65) | < 0.001 |
| Antihyperlipidemic agents | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.77 (1.63–1.92) | < 0.001 | 1.99 (1.72–2.31) | < 0.001 |
| DM | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.86 (1.70–2.05) | < 0.001 | 1.90 (1.61–2.23) | < 0.001 |
| CVD | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 2.81 (2.52–3.14) | < 0.001 | 3.27 (2.68–3.98) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension treatment | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 2.04 (1.82–2.28) | < 0.001 | 2.25 (1.86–2.73) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR | 0.56 (0.53–0.58) | < 0.001 | 0.53 (0.48–0.58) | < 0.001 |
| DASH score | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 0.643 | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 0.267 |
| Energy intake | 0.84 (0.79–0.89) | < 0.001 | 0.84 (0.76–0.92) | < 0.001 |
CVD: cardiovascular disease, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, Ref: reference, PIR: poverty income ratio, BMI: body mass index, DM: diabetes mellitus, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, DASH: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension