Table 3.
Baseline, follow-up, and mean change scores in diabetes-nutrition-related constructs by study assignment
| Outcomea | Full sample (N = 149) | Dyad members living together (n = 95) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time | p | Time | p | |||||
| Baseline pre Mean score (95% CI) |
3 months Mean score (95% CI) |
Mean change (95% CI) |
Baseline pre Mean score (95% CI) |
3 months Mean score (95% CI) |
Mean change (95% CI) |
|||
| Self-efficacy for health living | ||||||||
| Healthy eating subscale (sum of Items 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8) |
p
Group = .674 pTime < .001 pG×T = .255 |
p
Group = .969 pTime = .002 pG×T = .048 |
||||||
| Intervention | 29.8 (27.6 to 32.0) |
32.4 (30.2 to 34.7) |
2.6 (0.5 to 4.6)* |
31.9 (29.5 to 34.3) |
33.1 (30.5 to 35.6) |
1.2 (−1.2 to 3.6) |
||
| Control | 29.6 (27.4 to 31.8) |
33.9 (31.6 to 36.2) |
4.3 (2.2 to 6.4)* |
29.9 (26.8 to 32.9) |
34.9 (31.8 to 38.1) |
5.1 (2.1 to 8.0)* |
||
| Eat 3 meals a day (Item 1) |
p
Group = .664 pTime = .028 pG×T = .852 |
p
Group = .793 pTime = .058 pG×T = .995 |
||||||
| Intervention | 6.8 (6.1 to 7.5) |
7.4 (6.7 to 8.1) |
0.6 (−0.2 to 1.4) |
7.1 (6.3 to 7.8) |
7.7 (6.7 to 8.5) |
0.6 (−0.4 to 1.6) |
||
| Control | 7.0 (6.3 to 7.7) |
7.5 (6.8 to 8.2) |
0.5 (−0.1 to 1.1) |
7.2 (6.2 to 8.2) |
7.8 (6.9 to 8.7) |
0.60 (−0.1 to 1.3) |
||
| Limit snacking in between meals (Item 2) |
p
Group = .321 pTime = .003 pG×T = .070 |
p
Group = .403 pTime = .012 pG×T = .031 |
||||||
| Intervention | 5.3 (4.7 to 6.0) |
5.6 (5.0 to 6.3) |
0.3 (−0.4 to 1.0) |
5.7 (5.0 to 6.5) |
5.9 (5.1 to 6.6) |
0.12 (−0.7 to 0.9) |
||
| Control | 5.3 (4.6 to 6.0) |
6.5 (5.8 to 7.2) |
1.2 (0.5 to 2.0)* |
5.5 (4.6 to 6.4) |
7.0 (6.1 to 7.9) |
1.5 (0.5 to 2.5)* |
||
| Drink water most of the time (Item 3) |
p
Group = .643 pTime = .010 pG×T = .822 |
p
Group = .665 pTime = .107 pG×T = .334 |
||||||
| Intervention | 7.2 (6.6 to 7.8) |
7.7 (7.1 to 8.4) |
0.5 (−0.1 to 1.1) |
7.7 (7.0 to 8.3) |
7.8 (7.1 to 8.6) |
0.2 (−0.6 to 0.9) |
||
| Control | 7.3 (6.7 to 8.0) |
8.0 (7.4 to 8.5) |
0.6 (0.0 to 1.2)* |
7.2 (6.3 to 8.1) |
7.9 (7.1 to 8.7) |
0.7 (−0.1 to 1.5) |
||
| Avoid junk food and fast food (Item 4) |
p
Group = .364 pTime = .004 pG×T = .818 |
p
Group = .358 pTime = .101 pG×T = .222 |
||||||
| Intervention | 4.6 (4.1 to 5.2) |
5.3 (4.6 to 6.0) |
0.7 (0.0 to 1.4) |
5.2 (4.5 to 5.9) |
5.3 (4.5 to 6.2) |
0.1 (−0.7 to 1.0) |
||
| 4.3 (3.5 to 5.2) |
5.3 (4.4 to 6.3) |
1.0 (−0.1 to 2.1) |
||||||
| Control | 4.2 (3.7 to 4.8) |
5.0 (4.4 to 5.7) |
0.8 (0.1 to 1.5)* |
|||||
| Avoid drinking sugar-sweetened beverages such as soda, juice and energy drinks (Item 8) |
p
Group = .555 pTime = .017 pG×T = .637 |
p
Group = .953 pTime = .241 pG×T = .578 |
||||||
| Intervention | 5.7 (5.1 to 6.3) |
6.2 (5.5 to 6.9) |
0.5 (−0.3 to 1.2) |
6.0 (5.3 to 6.7) |
6.2 (5.4 to 7.0) |
0.2 (−0.7 to 1.1) |
||
| Control | 5.8 (5.2 to 6.5) |
6.5 (5.8 to 7.3) |
−0.7 (−1.4 to 0.0)* |
5.8 (4.9 to 6.7) |
6.4 (5.4 to 7.5) |
0.6 (−0.5 to 1.7) |
||
| Healthy eating behavior | ||||||||
| Times eating vegetables (sum of Items 3–6) |
p
Group = .130 pTime = .893 pG×T = .022 |
p
Group = .555 pTime = .904 pG×T = .258 |
||||||
| Intervention | 5.5 (4.6 to 6.4) |
6.5 (5.2 to 7.9) |
1.0 (−0.2 to 2.2) |
5.5 (4.5 to 6.5) |
6.0 (4.4 to 7.6) |
0.5 (−0.9 to 20) |
||
| Control | 5.5 (4.5 to 6.5) |
4.6 (3.6 to 5.6) |
−0.9 (−2.0 to 0.2) |
5.6 (4.1 to 7.1) |
4.9 (3.6 to 6.2) |
−0.7 (−2.2 to 0.9) |
||
| Times drinking 100% fruit juice, such as orange, apple, or grape juice (Item 1) |
p
Group = .004 pTime = .331 pG×T = .563 |
p
Group = .372 pTime = .095 pG×T = .965 |
||||||
| Intervention | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.0) |
1.6 (1.2 to 2.0) |
−0.1 (−0.5 to 0.4) |
1.7 (1.3 to 2.1) |
1.4 (0.9 to 1.8) |
−0.3 (−0.9 to 0.2) |
||
| Control | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) |
1.0 (0.7 to 1.2) |
−0.2 (−0.6 to 0.1) |
1.5 (1.0 to 2.0) |
1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) |
−0.3 (−0.9 to 0.3) |
||
| Times eating fruit (Item 2) |
p
Group = .008 pTime = .609 pG×T = .015 |
|
p
Group = .250 pTime = .579 pG×T = .093 |
|||||
| Intervention | 2.1 (1.8 to 2.5) |
2.6 (2.2 to 3.1) |
0.5* (0.6 to 0.9) |
2.0 (1.6 to 2.3) |
2.5 (2.0 to 3.0) |
0.5 (0.0 to 1.0)* |
||
| Control | 1.9 (1.6 to 2.3) |
1.6 (1.3 to 2.0) |
−0.3 (−0.8 to 0.2) |
2.1 (1.5 to 2.6) |
1.8 (1.3 to 2.3) |
−0.3 (−1.0 to 0.5) |
||
| Times drinking a can, bottle, or glass of soda or pop (Item 7) |
p
Group = .766 pTime = .381 pG×T = .375 |
p
Group = .576 pTime = .835 pG×T = .346 |
||||||
| Intervention | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.8) |
1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) |
0.0 (−0.4 to 0.4) |
1.5 (1.1 to 1.8) |
1.3 (0.8 to 1.7) |
−0.2 (−0.7 to 0.3) |
||
| Control | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) |
1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) |
−0.2 (−0.6 to 0.1) |
1.5 (1.0 to 2.0) |
1.6 (1.0 to 2.2) |
0.1 (−0.3 to 0.6) |
||
| Glasses of milk drank (Item 8) |
p
Group = .777 pTime = .683 pG×T = .293 |
p
Group = .676 pTime = .685 pG×T = .170 |
||||||
| Intervention | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) |
1.2 (0.8 to 1.6) |
0.1 (−0.3 to 0.5) |
1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) |
1.4 (0.9 to 1.9) |
0.2 (−0.4 to 0.7) |
||
| Control | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7) |
1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) |
−0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2) |
1.4 (0.8 to 1.9) |
1.0 (0.6 to 1.5) |
−0.3 (−0.8 to 0.2) |
||
| Days eating breakfast (Item 9) |
p
Group = .183 pTime = .698 pG×T = .374 |
p
Group = .905 pTime = .595 pG×T = .230 |
||||||
| Intervention | 3.7 (3.2 to 4.2) |
3.8 (3.2 to 4.4) |
0.1 (−0.5 to 0.7) |
3.8 (3.2 to 4.4) |
4.1 (3.4 to 4.9) |
0.4 (−0.3 to 1.1) |
||
| Control | 4.4 (3.8 to 4.9) |
4.1 (3.5 to 4.7) |
−0.2 (−0.7 to 0.2) |
4.0 (3.2 to 4.7) |
3.8 (3.0 to 4.7) |
−0.1 (−0.7 to 0.4) |
||
CI confidence interval.
aThe possible range of response for self-efficacy for health living was 5 to 50 for the healthy eating subscale score, while for the individual items the possible range of response for was 1 to 10. For healthy eating behaviors, the range of response was 0 to 24 for the times eating vegetables subscale score, while for the individual items the possible range of response was 0 to 6 regarding the daily frequency of intake, except Item 9 regarding number of days per week eating breakfast which ranges from 0 to 7.
* p < .05.