Table 4.
The effect of baseline food insecurity with change in diabetes-nutrition-related constructs by treatment group assignment
| Outcomea | Full sample (N = 148) | Dyad members living together (n = 95) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time | Test statistics | Time | Test statistics | |||||
| Baseline Mean score (95% CI) |
3 months Mean score (95% CI) |
Mean change (95% CI) |
p | Baseline Mean score (95% CI) |
3 months Mean score (95% CI) |
Mean change (95% CI) |
p | |
| Self-efficacy for healthy living | ||||||||
| Healthy eating subscale (sum of Items 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8) |
p
Group = .584 pTime < .001 pG×T = .292 pFS = .750 pFS×G = .372 pFS×T = .024 pFS×G×T = .438 |
p
Group = .833 pTime < .001 pG×T = .113 pFS = .627 pFS×G = .203 pFS×T = .012 pFS×G×T = .539 |
||||||
| Food secure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 31.2 (28.1 to 34.3) |
31.9 (28.8 to 34.9) |
0.7 (−1.9 to 3.2) |
33.4 (30.4 to 36.4) |
32.7 (29.5 to 36.0) |
−0.6 (−3.5 to 2.3) |
||
| Control | 29.3 (26.6 to 32.0) |
32.7 (30.0 to 35.4) |
3.4 (0.6 to 6.1)* |
29.4 (25.6 to 33.1) |
32.8 (29.5 to 36.2) |
3.4 (−0.2 to 7.0) |
||
| Food insecure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 28.1 (25.4 to 30.8) |
33.3 (29.8 to 36.7) |
5.2 (2.1 to 8.2)* |
28.9 (25.3 to 32.6) |
34.2 (30.0 to 38.5) |
5.3 (2.1 to 8.5)* |
||
| Control | 30.0 (26.2 to 33.8) |
35.6 (31.6 to 39.5) |
5.6 (2.4 to 8.7) |
30.8 (25.5 to 36.1) |
37.9 32.4 to 43.4) |
7.1 (2.3 to 11.9)* |
||
| Eat 3 meals a day (Item 1) |
p
Group = .931 pTime = .020 pG×T = .569 pFS = .717 pFS×G = .321 pFS×T = .403 pFS×G×T = .078 |
p
Group = .949 pTime = .015 pG×T = .454 pFS = .451 pFS×G = .469 pFS×T = .200 pFS×G×T = .024 |
||||||
| Food secure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 7.0 (6.1 to 7.9) |
7.1 (6.2 to 8.0) |
0.1 (−0.8 to 1.0) |
7.5 (6.5 to 8.4) |
7.4 (6.4 to 8.3) |
−0.1 (−1.2 to 1.0) |
||
| Control | 7.1 (6.2 to 8.1) |
7.8 (6.9 to 8.8) |
0.7 (−0.1 to 1.5) |
7.4 (6.1 to 8.6) |
8.3 (7.1 to 9.5) |
0.9 (−0.1 to 1.9) |
||
| Food insecure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 6.6 (5.6 to 7.6) |
8.0 (6.9 to 9.1) |
1.4 (0.0 to 2.9) |
6.3 (5.0 to 7.5) |
8.5 (7.1 to 9.9) |
2.3 (0.3 to 4.2)* |
||
| Control | 6.8 (5.7 to 7.9) |
7.0 (6.1 to 7.9) |
0.2 (−0.6 to 1.1) |
6.9 (5.3 to 8.5) |
7.2 (6.0 to 8.4) |
0.2 (−0.8 to 1.3) |
||
| Limit snacking in between meals (Item 2) |
p
Group = .301 pTime = .001 pG×T = .048 pFS = .663 pFS×G = .474 pFS×T = .150 pFS×G×T = .466 |
p
Group = .355 pTime = .002 pG×T = .011 pFS = .985 pFS×G = .476 pFS×T = .020 pFS×G×T = .073 |
||||||
| Food secure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 5.5 (4.7 to 6.3) |
5.6 (4.8 to 6.5) |
0.1 (−0.7 to 1.0) |
5.9 (5.0 to 6.9) |
5.9 (5.0 to 6.9) |
0.0 (−1.0 to 1.0) |
||
| Control | 5.3 (4.4 to 6.2) |
6.1 (5.2 to 6.9) |
0.8 (−0.3 to 1.8) |
5.8 (4.6 to 7.0) |
6.3 (5.2 to 7.4) |
0.5 (−0.7 to 1.7) |
||
| Food insecure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 5.2 (4.2 to 6.2) |
5.7 (4.7 to 6.6) |
0.5 (−0.6 to 1.5) |
5.4 (4.1 to 6.7) |
5.7 (4.4 to 7.0) |
0.3 (−0.8 to 1.5) |
||
| Control | 5.3 (4.2 to 6.3) |
7.1 (6.0 to 8.2) |
1.8 (0.9 to 2.8)* |
5.0 (3.6 to 6.4) |
7.8 (6.5 to 9.2) |
2.8 (1.7 to 4.0)* |
||
| Drink water most of the time (Item 3) |
p
Group = .740 pTime = .002 pG×T = .889 pFS = .163 pFS×G = .981 pFS×T = .036 pFS×G×T = .770 |
p
Group = .728 pTime = .022 pG×T = .626 pFS = .032 pFS×G = .338 pFS×T = .134 pFS×G×T = .277 |
||||||
| `Food secure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 7.3 (6.4 to 8.1) |
7.4 (6.5 to 8.2) |
0.1 (−0.7 to 1.0) |
7.7 (6.9 to 8.5) |
7.5 (6.6 to 8.4) |
−0.2 (−1.2 to 0.8) |
||
| Control | 7.3 (6.5 to 8.1) |
7.6 (6.8 to 8.3) |
0.3 (−0.5 to 1.1) |
6.7 (5.5 to 7.8) |
7.2 (6.2 to 8.3) |
0.6 (−0.6 to 1.8) |
||
| Food insecure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 7.3 (6.4 to 8.2) |
8.4 (7.5 to 9.3) |
1.1 (0.3 to 1.9)* |
7.6 (6.6 to 8.7) |
8.7 (7.7 to 9.7) |
1.1 (0.5 to 1.6)* |
||
| Control | 7.4 (6.4 to 8.5) |
8.5 (7.7 to 9.3) |
1.01 (0.2 to 1.9)* |
8.1 (6.7 to 9.4) |
8.9 (7.8 to 9.9) |
0.8 (−0.2 to 1.8) |
||
| Avoid junk food and fast food (Item 4) |
p
Group = .674 pTime = .004 pG×T = .951 pFS = .938 pFS×G = .053 pFS×T = .410 pFS×G×T = .234 |
p
Group = .661 pTime = .060 pG×T = .346 pFS = .983 pFS×G = .081 pFS×T = .214 pFS×G×T = .647 |
||||||
| Food secure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 5.1 (4.3 to 5.9) |
5.3 (4.5 to 6.2) |
0.2 (−0.7 to 1.1) |
5.7 (4.8 to 6.6) |
5.4 (4.5 to 6.4) |
−0.3 (−1.2 to 0.7) |
||
| Control | 3.9 (3.2 to 4.6) |
4.8 (4.0 to 5.5) |
0.8 (0.0 to 1.7) |
4.1 (3.0 to 5.2) |
4.8 (3.8 to 5.9) |
0.7 (−0.6 to 2.1) |
||
| Food insecure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 3.9 (3.2 to 4.6) |
5.1 (4.0 to 6.3) |
1.2 (0.1 to 2.3)* |
4.2 (3.3 to 5.2) |
5.2 (3.5 to 6.9) |
1.0 (−0.5 to 2.4) |
||
| Control | 4.7 (3.9 to 5.5) |
5.4 (4.3 to 6.5) |
0.7 (−0.5 to 1.8) |
4.7 (3.4 to 6.0) |
6.0 (4.3 to 7.7) |
1.3 (−0.5 to 3.1) |
||
| Avoid drinking sugar-sweetened beverages such as soda, juice and energy drinks (Item 8) |
p
Group = .377 pTime = .013 pG×T = .490 pFS = .741 pFS×G = .181 pFS×T = .146 pFS×G×T = .571 |
p
Group = .634 pTime = .212 pG×T = .536 pFS = .607 pFS×G = .074 pFS×T = .237 pFS×G×T = .355 |
||||||
| Food secure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 6.0 (5.2 to 6.9) |
6.3 (5.4 to 7.2) |
0.2 (−0.7 to 1.2) |
6.2 (5.4 to 7.1) |
6.4 (5.4 to 7.4) |
0.1 (−0.9 to 1.2) |
||
| Control | 5.9 (5.0 to 6.7) |
6.2 (5.3 to 7.0) |
0.3 (−0.5 to 1.1) |
5.7 (4.6 to 6.9) |
5.6 (4.5 to 6.6) |
−0.1 (−1.2 to 1.0) |
||
| Food insecure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 5.1 (4.4 to 5.9) |
5.8 (4.9 to 6.9) |
0.7 (−0.3 to 1.8) |
5.5 (4.5 to 6.5) |
5.8 (4.5 to 7.1) |
0.3 (−1.3 to 1.9) |
||
| Control | 5.7 (4.7 to 6.8) |
7.1 (5.9 to 8.3) |
1.4 (0.1 to 2.6)* |
6.1 (4.5 to 7.7) |
7.6 (5.7 to 9.4) |
1.5 (−0.5 to 3.5) |
||
| Healthy eating behavior | ||||||||
| Times eating vegetables (sum of Items 3–6) |
p
Group = .127 pTime = .893 pG×T = .045 pFS = .160 pFS×G = .160 pFS×T = .545 pFS×G×T = .986 |
p
Group = .561 pTime = .812 pG×T = .343 pFS = .041 pFS×G = .873 pFS×T = .566 pFS×G×T = .901 |
||||||
| Food secure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 4.9 (3.8 to 5.9) |
6.0 (4.6 to 7.4) |
1.1 (0.2 to 2.4) |
4.8 (3.6 to 5.9) |
5.5 (4.1 to 6.9) |
0.8 (−0.5 to 2.0) |
||
| Control | 5.2 (3.9 to 6.5) |
4.5 (3.3 to 5.7) |
−0.7 (−2.27 to 0.8) |
4.6 (3.0 to 6.2) |
4.3 (2.9 to 5.6) |
−0.3 (−2.0 to 1.4) |
||
| Food insecure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 6.6 (5.1 to 8.1) |
7.2 (4.3 to 10.1) |
0.6 (−1.9 to 3.0) |
6.9 (5.0 to 8.7) |
7.1 (2.3 to 11.9) |
0.2 (−4.1 to 4.5) |
||
| Control | 6.0 (4.4 to 7.6) |
4.7 (3.2 to 6.3) |
−1.3 (−3.0 to 0.5) |
7.2 (4.7 to 9.8) |
5.9 (3.5 to 8.4) |
−1.3 (−4.1 to 1.6) |
||
| Times drinking 100% fruit juice such as orange, apple, or grape juice (Item 1) |
p
Group < .001 pTime = .562 pG×T = .475 pFS = .043 pFS×G = .031 pFS×T = .268 pFS×G×T = .604 |
p
Group = .120 pTime = .371 pG×T = .755 pFS = .141 pFS×G = .078 pFS×T = .188 pFS×G×T = .657 |
||||||
| Food secure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 1.5 (1.0 to 1.9) |
1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) |
−0.2 (−0.7 to 0.2) |
1.6 (1.0 to 2.1) |
1.0 (0.7 to 1.3) |
−0.6 (−1.0 to −0.1)* |
||
| Control | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7) |
0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) |
−0.3 (−0.8 to 0.2) |
1.6 (0.9 to 2.3) |
1.1 (0.6 to 1.6) |
−0.5 (−1.2 to 0.2) |
||
| Food insecure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 2.1 (1.4 to 2.7) |
2.4 (1.5 to 3.2) |
0.3 (−0.7 to 1.3) |
2.1 (1.3 to 2.8) |
2.3 (1.0 to 3.7) |
0.3 (−1.2 to 1.7) |
||
| Control | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) |
1.0 (0.5 to 1.5) |
−0.1 (−0.7 to 0.5) |
1.3 (0.6 to 2.0) |
1.2 (0.4 to 2.0) |
−0.1 (−1.1 to 0.9) |
||
| Times eating fruit (Item 2) |
p
Group = .012 pTime = .962 pG×T = .051 pFS = .180 pFS×G = .940 pFS×T = .254 pFS×G×T = .792 |
p
Group = .012 pTime = .962 pG×T = .051 pFS = .180 pFS×G = .940 pFS×T = .254 pFS×G×T = .792 |
||||||
| Food secure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.3) |
2.6 (2.0 to 3.1) |
0.6* (0.2 to 1.1) |
|||||
| Control | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.2) |
1.6 (1.2 to 1.9) |
−0.2 (−0.7 to 0.3) |
|||||
| Food insecure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 2.5 (1.9 to 3.2) |
2.6 (1.8 to 3.5) |
0.1 (−0.8 to 1.0) |
|||||
| Control | 2.2 (1.5 to 2.9) |
1.7 (1.0 to 2.4) |
−0.5 (−1.5 to 0.5) |
|||||
| Times drinking a can, bottle, or glass of soda or pop (Item 7) |
p
Group = .473 pTime = .533 pG×T = .098 pFS = .636 pFS×G = .116 pFS×T = .773 pFS×G×T = .004 |
p
Group = .910 pTime = .941 pG×T = .730 pFS = .960 pFS×G = .179 pFS×T = .787 pFS×G×T = .053 |
||||||
| Food secure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.8) |
1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) |
−0.3 (−0.7 to 0.1) |
1.4 (1.1 to 1.8) |
1.0 (0.6 to 1.4) |
−0.4 (−0.9 to 0.1) |
||
| Control | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) |
1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) |
0.1 (−0.4 to 0.5) |
1.5 (0.9 to 2.1) |
2.0 (1.2 to 2.7) |
0.5 (−0.2 to 1.1) |
||
| Food insecure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.0) |
2.1 (1.3 to 2.9) |
0.6 (−0.2 to 1.4) |
1.6 (0.9 to 2.2) |
1.8 (0.7 to 2.8) |
0.2 (−0.8 to 1.3) |
||
| ` Control | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.2) |
0.9 (0.3 to 1.5) |
−0.7 (−1.1 to −0.3)* |
1.4 (0.5 to 2.3) |
1.1 (0.0 to 2.1) |
−0.4 (−0.9 to 0.2) |
||
| Glasses of milk drank (Item 8) |
p
Group = .826 pTime = .823 pG×T = .164 pFS = .386 pFS×G = .920 pFS×T = .624 pFS×G×T = .177 |
p
Group = .630 pTime = .852 pG×T = .104 pFS = .873 pFS×G = .618 pFS×T = .966 pFS×G×T = .158 |
||||||
| Food secure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.5) |
1.1 (0.6 to 1.5) |
−0.1 (−0.6 to 0.4) |
1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) |
1.3 (0.8 to 1.8) |
0.0 (−0.6 to 0.6) |
||
| Control | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.7) |
1.1 (0.7 to 1.5) |
−0.1 (−0.5 to 0.3) |
1.3 (0.6 to 2.0) |
1.3 (0.7 to 1.8) |
−0.1 (−0.6 to 0.5) |
||
| Food insecure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.6) |
1.5 (0.7 to 2.3) |
0.4 (−0.3 to 1.1) |
1.1 (0.6 to 1.6) |
1.7 (0.5 to 2.8) |
0.6 (−0.5 to 1.7) |
||
| Control | 1.6 (0.9 to 2.2) |
1.2 (0.6 to 1.8) |
−0.4 (−1.0 to 0.3) |
1.4 (0.5 to 2.4) |
0.8 (0.2 to 1.3) |
−0.7 (−1.6 to 0.2) |
||
| Days eating breakfast (Item 9) |
p
Group = .252 pTime = .307 pG×T = .857 pFS = .128 pFS×G = .597 pFS×T = .018 pFS×G×T = .013 |
p
Group = .959 pTime = .799 pG×T = .777 pFS = .146 pFS×G = .827 pFS×T = .067 pFS×G×T = .012 |
||||||
| Food secure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 3.5 (2.9 to 4.2) |
4.3 (3.6 to 5.0) |
0.8 (0.0 to 1.5)* |
3.7 (2.9 to 4.4) |
4.6 (3.8 to 5.3) |
`0.9 (0.0 to 1.8)* |
||
| Control | 4.7 (3.9 to 5.4) |
4.4 (3.6 to 5.2) |
−0.2 (−0.7 to 0.2) |
4.3 (3.3 to 5.3) |
4.1 (2.9 to 5.3) |
−0.2 (−0.9 to 0.4) |
||
| Food insecure | ||||||||
| Intervention | 4.1 (3.3 to 4.9) |
3.0 (2.0 to 4.1) |
−1.1 (−2.0 to −0.2)* |
3.9 (2.9 to 5.0) |
3.1 (1.6 to 4.5) |
−0.9 (−1.7 to −0.1)* |
||
| Control | 3.9 (3.1 to 4.7) |
3.7 (2.8 to 4.5) |
−0.2 (−1.1 to 0.6) |
3.4 (2.3 to 4.4) |
3.4 (2.4 to 4.4) |
0.0 (−0.8 to 0.8) |
||
CI confidence interval.
aThe possible range of response for self-efficacy for health living was 5 to 50 for the healthy eating subscale score, while for the individual items the possible range of response for was 1 to 10. For healthy eating behaviors, the range of response was 0 to 24 for the times eating vegetables subscale score, while for the individual items the possible range of response was 0 to 6 regarding the daily frequency of intake, except Item 9 regarding number of days per week eating breakfast which ranges from 0 to 7.
* p < .05.