Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Variable | Total N=200 | Not rehospitalised within 1 year N=56 | Rehospitalised within 1 year N=144 | P value |
| IVC diameter | 2.25 (0.57) | 1.90 (0.49) | 2.39 (0.54) | <0.001 |
| BSA | 2.02 (0.34) | 1.96 (0.29) | 2.05 (0.35) | 0.11 |
| Corrected IVC diameter | 1.12 (0.27) | 0.98 (0.25) | 1.18 (0.25) | <0.001 |
| Age | 66 (14) | 69 (15) | 65 (14) | 0.09 |
| Sex | 0.51 | |||
| Women | 61 (30.5%) | 19 (33.9%) | 42 (29.2%) | |
| Men | 139 (69.5%) | 37 (66.1%) | 102 (70.8%) | |
| NYHA functional class | <0.001 | |||
| I | 2 (1.0%) | 2 (3.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| II | 75 (37.5%) | 41 (73.2%) | 34 (23.6%) | |
| III | 98 (49.0%) | 10 (17.9%) | 88 (61.1%) | |
| IV | 25 (12.5%) | 3 (5.4%) | 22 (15.3%) | |
| Afib/aflutter | 74 (37.0%) | 20 (35.7%) | 54 (37.5%) | 0.81 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 64 (32.0%) | 22 (39.3%) | 42 (29.2%) | 0.17 |
| HLD | 51 (25.5%) | 16 (28.6%) | 35 (24.3%) | 0.53 |
| HTN | 117 (58.5%) | 31 (55.4%) | 86 (59.7%) | 0.57 |
| PAD | 8 (4.0%) | 3 (5.4%) | 5 (3.5%) | 0.54 |
| CVA | 17 (8.5%) | 3 (5.4%) | 14 (9.7%) | 0.32 |
| Diabetes | 81 (40.5%) | 22 (39.3%) | 59 (41.0%) | 0.83 |
| CKD | 53 (26.5%) | 14 (25.0%) | 39 (27.1%) | 0.76 |
| COPD | 24 (12.0%) | 5 (8.9%) | 19 (13.2%) | 0.41 |
| Delta weight | 15.21 (12.33) | 16.63 (12.58) | 14.66 (12.23) | 0.31 |
| Systolic BP | 125 (23) | 128 (26) | 124 (22) | 0.27 |
| Diastolic BP | 74 (17) | 75 (20) | 74 (15) | 0.70 |
| HR | 88 (20) | 85 (21) | 89 (20) | 0.19 |
| Creatinine | 1.55 (0.86) | 1.41 (0.54) | 1.60 (0.96) | 0.08 |
| eGFR | 58.95 (27.44) | 58.12 (24.14) | 59.27 (28.69) | 0.79 |
| Sodium | 138 (4) | 139 (4) | 138 (4) | 0.18 |
| Potassium | 4.2 (0.5) | 4.2 (0.4) | 4.2 (0.6) | 0.95 |
| Haemoglobin | 11.7 (2.5) | 12.6 (2.4) | 11.3 (2.4) | <0.01 |
| NT-proBNP | 6530 (8106) | 5075 (5993) | 7106 (8756) | 0.12 |
| Elevated JVP | 125 (62.5%) | 37 (66.1%) | 88 (61.1%) | 0.52 |
| Crackles | 93 (46.5%) | 26 (46.4%) | 67 (46.5%) | 0.99 |
| Peripheral oedema | 162 (81.0%) | 46 (82.1%) | 116 (80.5%) | 0.80 |
| Medications | ||||
| Beta blocker | 152 (76.0%) | 46 (82.1%) | 106 (73.6%) | 0.21 |
| ACE/ARB | 96 (48.0%) | 29 (51.8%) | 67 (46.5%) | 0.50 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 51 (25.5%) | 11 (19.6%) | 40 (27.8%) | 0.24 |
| ARNI | 12 (6.0%) | 7 (12.5%) | 5 (3.5%) | 0.02 |
| Loop diuretic | 184 (92.0%) | 51 (91.1%) | 133 (92.4%) | 0.76 |
| Statin | 113 (56.5%) | 39 (69.6%) | 74 (51.4%) | 0.02 |
| Antiplatelet | 21 (10.5%) | 7 (12.5%) | 14 (9.7%) | 0.57 |
| Warfarin | 24 (12.0%) | 5 (8.9%) | 19 (13.2%) | 0.41 |
| DOAC | 58 (29.0%) | 19 (33.9%) | 39 (27.1%) | 0.34 |
| Digoxin | 17 (8.5%) | 5 (8.9%) | 12 (8.3%) | 0.89 |
| ICD | 17 (8.5%) | 3 (5.4%) | 14 (9.7%) | 0.32 |
| CRT | 5 (2.5%) | 2 (3.6%) | 3 (2.1%) | 0.55 |
| CardioMEMS | 3 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (2.1%) | 0.28 |
| Echocardiographic findings | ||||
| LVEF | 41 (20) | 43 (19) | 40 (20) | 0.25 |
| PA pressure | 46 (14) | 42 (15) | 48 (14) | 0.01 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation | <0.01 | |||
| None/trace | 49 (24.5%) | 22 (39.3%) | 27 (18.8%) | |
| Mild | 79 (39.5%) | 21 (37.5%) | 58 (40.3%) | |
| Moderate/severe | 72 (36.0%) | 13 (23.2%) | 59 (41.0%) | |
| Mitral regurgitation | 0.02 | |||
| None/trace | 65 (32.5%) | 25 (44.6%) | 40 (27.8%) | |
| Mild | 77 (38.5%) | 15 (26.8%) | 62 (43.1%) | |
| Moderate/severe | 58 (29.0%) | 16 (28.6%) | 42 (29.2%) | |
| RV dysfunction | 109 (54.5%) | 25 (44.6%) | 84 (58.3%) | 0.06 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 96 (48.0%) | 27 (48.2%) | 69 (47.9%) | 0.97 |
| Black | 46 (23.0%) | 10 (17.9%) | 36 (25.0%) | 0.28 |
| Hispanic (any race) | 29 (14.5%) | 7 (12.5%) | 22 (15.3%) | 0.62 |
| Asian | 19 (9.5%) | 7 (12.5%) | 12 (8.3%) | 0.37 |
| Other | 39 (19.5%) | 12 (21.4%) | 27 (18.8%) | 0.67 |
Values are mean±SD for continuous variables and number and percent of patients for categorical variables. The statistical difference between variables is given for the comparison between patients with and without ADHF readmission within 1 year. Corrected IVC diameter refers to IVC diameter corrected for BSA.
ADHF, acute decompensated heart failure; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; BP, blood pressure; BSA, body surface area; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT, cardiac resynchronisation therapy; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HLD, hyperlipidaemia; HR, heart rate; HTN, hypertension; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IVC, inferior vena cava; JVP, jugular venous pulse; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PA, pulmonary arterial; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; RV, right ventricular.