Table 3.
Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with comorbidities among the participants with T2D (N=1036)
| Characteristics | Comorbidities (yes) | |||
| OR | 95% CI | P value | ||
| Gender | Female | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Male | 1.27 | (1.12 to 1.87) | 0.009 | |
| Age category | Below 35 years | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 35–49 years | 1.61 | (0.91 to 2.83) | 0.167 | |
| 50–64 years | 2.14 | (1.32 to 2.93) | 0.034 | |
| Above 65 years | 2.96 | (1.83 to 4.16) | 0.040 | |
| Education | College or Higher | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Secondary | 2.14 | (1.23 to 3.52) | 0.009 | |
| Primary | 2.17 | (1.14 to 4.03) | 0.031 | |
| Illiterate/no formal education | 2.78 | (1.76 to 3.85) | 0.012 | |
| Occupation | Manual worker | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Non-manual worker | 2.31 | (1.91 to 5.82) | <0.001 | |
| Unemployment or retired | 3.32 | (1.92 to 6.02) | 0.001 | |
| Economic status | ≥193 USD | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 144.8–192.9 USD | 1.13 | (0.72 to 1.64) | 0.747 | |
| 96.6–144.7 USD | 1.24 | (1.12 to 1.70) | 0.045 | |
| ≤96.5 USD | 1.89 | (1.55 to 2.97) | 0.019 | |
| Depend on other | 0.53 | (0.22 to 1.13) | 0.097 | |
| Residence | Rural | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Urban | 2.41 | (1.13 to 3.81) | <0.001 | |
| Family history of diabetes | No | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Yes | 0.81 | (0.61 to 1.03) | 0.091 | |
| Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) | Less than the recommended level | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Recommended level | 0.41 | (0.25 to 0.74) | 0.026 | |
| Smoking habit | Non-smoker | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Ex-smoker | 1.23 | (0.62 to 2.40) | 0.549 | |
| Current-smoker | 1.68 | (1.27 to 2.74) | 0.032 | |
| Duration of diabetes | Below≤5 years | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 6–15 years | 1.32 | (0.91 to 1.75) | 0.144 | |
| Above 15 years | 3.28 | (1.44 to 5.37) | 0.028 | |
| BMI | Healthy weight (18.5–22.9) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 0.82 | (0.61 to 1.25) | 0.276 | |
| Overweight (23–27.5) | 1.20 | (0.64 to 2.53) | 0.606 | |
| Obese (>27.5) | 2.62 | (1.24 to 4.26) | 0.038 | |
| Fasting blood glucose level | Controlled (<7.0 mmol/L) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Uncontrolled (≥7.0 mmol/L) | 1.19 | (1.12 to 1.57) | 0.05 | |
| Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) | High (≥6) | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Moderate (4-5) | 1.42 | (1.13 to 1.64) | 0.029 | |
| Low (≤3) | 2.52 | (1.19 to 2.24) | 0.032 | |
| Challenges of getting routine medical and healthcare | ||||
| Transport difficulties | No | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Yes | 1.79 | (0.89 to 2.12) | 0.144 | |
| Limited self-care practice | No | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Yes | 1.82 | 1.11 to 2.98 | 0.017 | |
| Delayed care seeking | No | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Yes | 1.77 | 0.85 to 2.79 | 0.562 | |
| Unaffordable medicine | No | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Yes | 1.94 | 1.15 to 2.76 | 0.006 | |
| Medical staff shortage | No | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Yes | 1.44 | 0.85 to 2.42 | 0.170 | |
| Financial problem | No | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Yes | 1.86 | 1.28 to 2.60 | 0.001 | |
BMI, body mass index; T2D, type-2 diabetes.