Table 1:

Health literacy tools-format and their main evaluation results for CKD patients.

HL tool and format		Non-dialysis CKD	Dialysis CKD	Kidney transplant
REALM	125 words (66 in more commonly used form)	18% prevalence of limited HL 401 CKD patients, stage 1–5 HL is directly related to knowledge of dietary restrictions [55]	16–32% prevalence of limited HL 740 hemodialysis patients [6, 7]	A specific short form is developed for these patients (REALM-T)
REALM-SF	7 words	Not evaluated in nephrology patients
REALM-T	69 words	Not evaluated in these clinical areas		Significantly predicted whether a patient was listed for transplant [56]
TOFHLA	50 reading + 17 numeracy items	Not evaluated in nephrology patients [31]
S-TOFHLA	36 reading comprehension items	28% prevalence of limited HL, correlated with poor clinical outcomes 2340 CKD patients HL is directly related to knowledge of dietary restrictions [57]	32% prevalence of limited HL 62 hemodialysis patients [58]	Inadequate HL had 78% lower hazard of referral for transplant work up [58]
BHLS	3 questions, all graded 1–5	Not evaluated in nephrology patients
NVS	6 items, an ice cream nutrition label	Limited HL correlated with poor clinical outcomes 150 CKD patients HL is directly related to knowledge of dietary restrictions [59]		Significantly predicted whether a patient was listed for transplantation, and actually received a transplant [56]
DMCAT	6 questions and a scenario	Specific tool for transplant patients		Significantly predicted whether a patient was listed for transplant, and actually received a transplant [56]

HL: health literacy; CKD: chronic kidney disease; REALM: Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine; REALM-SF: REALM short form; REALM-T: REALM modified for the transplant population; TOFHLA: Test Of Functional Literacy in Adults; S-TOFHLA: the shortened version of TOFHLA; BHLS: Brief Health Literacy Screen; NVS: Newest Vital Sign; DMCAT: Decision-Making Capacity Assessment Tool.