Table 4.

Experiment 1 descriptive statistics and effect sizes

Appraisal dimension	Unexpected M (SD)	IAM M (SD)	Ruminative M (SD)	Cohen's d unexpected-IAM	Cohen's d unexpected-ruminative	Cohen's d IAM-ruminative
A priori dimensions
Cue (proportion)	0.46 (0.33)	0.71 (0.29)	0.67 (0.32)	− 0.82*	− 0.65*	0.14
Surprising in content	2.98 (1.14)	2.07 (1.17)	1.72 (1.27)	0.79*	1.04*	0.28
Surprising in timing	2.80 (1.33)	2.32 (1.34)	1.58 (1.12)	0.36*	0.99*	0.60*
Spontaneous	7.04 (2.00)	5.89 (1.96)	4.94 (2.23)	0.58*	0.99*	0.46*
Exploratory dimensions
New info	1.96 (1.27)	1.12 (1.15)	1.47 (1.23)	0.69*	0.39*	− 0.29
Involuntary	3.38 (1.19)	2.76 (1.25)	2.22 (1.41)	0.51*	0.89*	0.41*
Task-unrelated	2.96 (1.22)	2.20 (1.45)	1.95 (1.30)	0.57*	0.80*	0.18
Thought-unrelated	3.37 (1.28)	2.60 (1.32)	2.05 (1.32)	0.59*	1.01*	0.42*
Personally immoral	0.95 (1.03)	0.57 (0.78)	0.86 (1.03)	0.42*	0.09	− 0.32
Socially immoral	0.83 (1.03)	0.49 (0.73)	0.79 (0.99)	0.38*	0.04	− 0.34*
Beneficial in time	1.91 (0.96)	1.93 (0.82)	1.52 (1.05)	− 0.02	0.39*	0.44*
Beneficial now	1.96 (1.02)	2.04 (0.87)	1.49 (1.06)	− 0.09	0.44*	0.56*
Value	2.35 (1.25)	2.71 (1.26)	2.56 (1.45)	− 0.29	− 0.16	0.11
Solve problem	1.25 (1.19)	0.88 (1.06)	1.43 (1.22)	0.33	− 0.15	− 0.48*
Goal	1.28 (1.21)	1.01 (1.04)	1.72 (1.40)	0.24	− 0.34*	− 0.58*
Self-relevance	1.84 (1.24)	1.87 (1.33)	2.27 (1.40)	− 0.02	− 0.32*	− 0.30
Insight to others	1.08 (1.08)	1.15 (1.18)	1.17 (1.19)	− 0.06	− 0.08	− 0.02
Insight to self	1.44 (1.31)	1.22 (1.16)	1.71 (1.39)	0.18	− 0.20	− 0.39*
Emotional valence	5.82 (1.97)	5.78 (2.11)	4.13 (1.62)	0.02	0.93*	0.87*
Emotional intensity	5.39 (1.89)	6.06 (1.86)	6.06 (2.03)	− 0.35*	− 0.34*	0.00
Mental image vividness	2.03 (1.16)	2.81 (0.79)	1.95 (1.11)	− 0.79*	0.08	0.90*

*p < 0.01