Table 5.
Experiment 1 Chi-squares, b coefficients, and p values
| Appraisal dimension | Main effect (Χ2) (p value) df = 2 |
Pairwise comparisons (b) (p value) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unexpected-IAM | Unexpected-ruminative | IAM-ruminative | Patterna | ||
| A priori dimensions | |||||
| Cue | 45.22 (p < 0.001)** | − 1.17 (p < 0.001)** | − 0.95 (p < 0.001)** | 0.22 (p = 0.481) | UT < RUM = IAM |
| Surprising in content | 89.56 (p < 0.001)** | 0.93 (p < 0.001)** | 1.26 (p < 0.001)** | 0.33 (p = 0.047) | RUM = IAM < UT |
| Surprising in timing | 77.66 (p < 0.001)** | 0.48 (p = 0.002)* | 1.22 (p < 0.001)** | 0.73 (p < 0.001)** | RUM < IAM < UT |
| Spontaneous/unexpected | 107.48 (p < 0.001)** | 1.16 (p < 0.001)** | 2.08 (p < 0.001)** | 0.92 (p < 0.001)** | RUM < IAM < UT |
| Exploratory dimensions | |||||
| New info | 42.77 (p < 0.001)** | 0.84 (p < 0.001)** | 0.49 (p < 0.001)** | − 0.35 (p = 0.019) | IAM = RUM < UT |
| Involuntary | 98.13 (p < 0.001)** | 0.64 (p < 0.001)** | 1.16 (p < 0.001)** | 0.52 (p < 0.001)** | RUM < IAM < UT |
| Task-unrelated | 51.61 (p < 0.001)** | 0.78 (p < 0.001)** | 1.02 (p < 0.001)** | 0.24 (p = 0.250) | RUM = IAM < UT |
| Thought-unrelated | 96.17 (p < 0.001)** | 0.79 (p < 0.001)** | 1.32 (p < 0.001)** | 0.52 (p < 0.001)** | RUM < IAM < UT |
| Personally immoral | 14.47 (p < 0.001)** | 0.39 (p < 0.001)** | 0.10 (p = 0.596) | − 0.29 (p = 0.020) | IAM = RUM = UT |
| Socially immoral | 14.45 (p < 0.001)** | 0.34 (p = 0.001)** | 0.05 (p = 0.850) | − 0.29 (p = 0.008)* | IAM < RUM = UT |
| Beneficial in time | 24.38 (p < 0.001)** | − 0.02 (p = 0.965) | 0.40 (p < 0.001)** | 0.42 (p < 0.001)** | RUM < UT = IAM |
| Beneficial now | 36.15 (p < 0.001)** | − 0.09 (p = 0.653) | 0.46 (p < 0.001)** | 0.55 (p < 0.001)** | RUM < UT = IAM |
| Value | 7.03 (p = 0.030) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Solve problem | 17.93 (p < 0.001)** | 0.35 (p = 0.017) | − 0.18 (p = 0.332) | − 0.53 (p < 0.001)** | IAM = UT = RUM |
| Goal | 25.76 (p < 0.001)** | 0.27 (p = 0.131) | − 0.44 (p = 0.006)* | − 0.71 (p < 0.001)** | IAM = UT < RUM |
| Self-relevance | 11.03 (p = 0.004)* | − 0.02 (p = 0.985) | − 0.41 (p = 0.009)* | − 0.39 (p = 0.015) | UT = IAM = RUM |
| Insight to others | 0.80 (p = 0.670) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Insight to self | 14.07 (p < 0.001)** | 0.23 (p = 0.167) | − 0.25 (p = 0.127) | − 0.47 (p < 0.001)** | IAM = UT = RUM |
| Emotional valence | 76.42 (p < 0.001)** | 0.03 (p = 0.988) | 1.67 (p < 0.001)** | 1.64 (p < 0.001)** | RUM < IAM = UT |
| Emotional intensity | 15.70 (p < 0.001)** | − 0.67 (p = 0.002)* | − 0.67 (p = 0.002)* | 0.00 (p = 1.00) | UT < IAM = RUM |
| Mental image vividness | 82.49 (p < 0.001)** | − 0.78 (p < 0.001)** | 0.08 (p = 0.725) | 0.86 (p < 0.001)** | RUM = UT < IAM |
*p ≤ 0.01; **p ≤ 0.001
aUT = unexpected thought; RUM = ruminative thought