Table 6.

Experiment 2 descriptive statistics and effect sizes

Appraisal dimension	Unexpected M (SD)	IAM M (SD)	Ruminative M (SD)	Cohen's d unexpected-IAM	Cohen's d unexpected-ruminative	Cohen's d IAM-ruminative
A priori dimensions
Cue (proportion)	0.55 (0.37)	0.67 (0.34)	0.64 (0.34)	− 0.34*	− 0.26*	0.08
Surprising in content	4.32 (1.56)	3.73 (1.51)	3.34 (1.48)	0.38*	0.65*	0.27*
Surprising in timing	4.17 (1.45)	3.83 (1.47)	3.43 (1.48)	0.23*	0.50*	0.27*
Unexpected	4.66 (1.21)	4.15 (1.30)	3.72 (1.39)	0.41*	0.72*	0.32*
Replicated exploratory dimensions
New info	3.47 (1.49)	3.00 (1.48)	3.07 (1.38)	0.32*	0.28*	− 0.05
Involuntary	4.41 (1.42)	4.09 (1.41)	3.75 (1.43)	0.22*	0.46*	0.24*
Task-unrelated	4.02 (1.36)	3.77 (1.48)	3.64 (1.36)	0.18*	0.28*	0.09
Goal	3.02 (1.43)	2.84 (1.51)	3.38 (1.42)	0.12	− 0.25*	− 0.36*
Emotional intensity	3.78 (1.27)	4.12 (1.15)	4.14 (1.26)	− 0.28*	− 0.29*	− 0.02
Partially-replicated exploratory dimensions
Thought-unrelated	4.23 (1.35)	4.10 (1.42)	3.83 (1.38)	0.10	0.29*	0.19*
Personally immoral	3.44 (1.49)	2.78 (1.48)	2.99 (1.40)	0.44*	0.31*	− 0.15
Socially immoral	3.35 (1.53)	2.73 (1.47)	2.92 (1.43)	0.41*	0.29*	− 0.13
Beneficial in time	3.21 (1.41)	3.51 (1.39)	3.09 (1.32)	− 0.21*	0.09	0.31*
Beneficial now	3.25 (1.41)	3.62 (1.34)	3.22 (1.36)	− 0.27*	0.02	0.30*
Solve problem	3.07 (1.42)	2.78 (1.48)	3.24 (1.41)	0.20*	− 0.12	− 0.31*
Self-relevance	3.39 (1.41)	3.52 (1.47)	3.81 (1.41)	− 0.09	− 0.30*	− 0.21*
Positive emotion	3.45 (1.42)	4.23 (1.56)	3.18 (1.40)	− 0.53*	0.19*	0.71*
Negative emotion	4.01 (1.52)	3.50 (1.54)	4.37 (1.47)	0.33*	− 0.25*	− 0.58*
Mental image vividness	2.41 (0.97)	2.76 (0.73)	2.50 (0.98)	− 0.41*	− 0.09	0.30*
Non-replicated exploratory dimensions
Value	3.52 (1.43)	4.02 (1.39)	3.93 (1.35)	− 0.35*	− 0.30*	0.06
Insight to others	2.98 (1.43)	3.23 (1.51)	3.00 (1.45)	− 0.17*	− 0.01	0.16*
Insight to self	3.27 (1.42)	3.16 (1.46)	3.35 (1.41)	0.08	− 0.05	− 0.13

*p < 0.001