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. 2023 Mar 14;86(3):1455–1486. doi: 10.1007/s00248-023-02190-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

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Fig. 5 — An overview of plant response to abiotic stress (left): prolonged abiotic stress (drought, salinity, and heavy metals) causes regeneration of ROS, desiccation, cellular dehydration, hormonal imbalance etc. that limit plant growth and productivity. Endophytic mediated abiotic stress tolerance mechanism (right): under abiotic conditions, endophytes trigger the production of osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine, etc.), secretion of phytohormones (IAA, cytokinins, GAs), and induce gene expressions for plant defense