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. 2023 Mar 14;86(3):1455–1486. doi: 10.1007/s00248-023-02190-1

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Fig. 6 — An overview of plant response to biotic stress (left): pathogen infection causes photosystem damage, ROS regeneration, and impaired cell division that lead to reduced plant growth and development. Endophytic mediated biotic stress tolerance mechanism (right): endophytes trigger defense mechanisms directly by the production of antimicrobial compounds and indirectly through the production of lytic enzymes, activation of systemic defense responses involving jasmonic acid (JA), oligogalacturonoids (OGAs), and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways