Table 2.
Summary of endophyte metabolites used in biological control of phytopathogens and plant diseases
| Site | Plant parts | Endophytes | Metabolites | Diseases/pathogens | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lytic enzymes | |||||
| Lab condition; Microbial Department of Genetics, Piracicaba, Brazil | Tissue of Citrus sp. (Rutaceae) and Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae) | Streptomyces sp. | Chitinase | Colletotrichum sublineolum | [187] |
| Lab experiment; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China | Leaves of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (Asteraceae) | Pseudomonas fluorescens | Amylase, xylanase, cellulose, and pectinase | Athelia rolfsii/Blast | [268] |
| Antimicrobial compounds | |||||
| Lab experiment; Jinju area, Korea | Root of Artemisia sp. (Asteraceae) | Pseudomonads | DAPG | Verticillium dahliae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, and Phytophthora capsici | [39] |
| Lab experiment; Garut, West Java Indonesia | Stem of potato | Paracoccus halophilus G062 | DAPG and pyrrolnitrin | Inhibit the growth of pathogens | [10] |
| Lab experiment; Forks Natural Area, USA | Root and stem of poplar and willow | Burkholderia sp., Rahnella sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Curtobacterium sp. | Occidiofungin and hydrogen cyanide | Rhizoctonia solani AG-8, Fusarium culmorum, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and Pythium ultimum | [103] |
| Paraconiothyrium SSM001 | Heterobasidion annosum, Phaeolus schweinitzii, and Perenniporia subacida | [220] | |||
| Leaves | Phomopis cassiae | 3,11,12-Trihydroxycadalene | Cladosporium sphaerospermum and Cladosporium cladosporioides | [213] | |
| Lab experiment; Dong Zai, Hainan, China | Stem of Excoecaria agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae) | Phomopsis sp. | Phomopsins A, B, C, Cytosporone | Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum | [93] |
| Lab experiment; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China | Leaves of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC | Pseudomonas fluorescens | 2-Piperidinone, DAPG, siderophore | Athelia rolfsii/Blight | [268] |
| Endophytic bacteria | Siderophore | Fusarium oxysporum | [182] | ||
| Shell Islands of the Yellow River Delta, China | Flueggea suffruticosa (Pall.) Baill. (= Securinega suffruticosa (Pall.) Rehder, Phyllanthaceae) | Endophytic fungi | Antifungal compounds | [45] | |
| Field trial; WSU Mount Vernon, Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, USA | Roots of Cucurbita pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae) | Dichotomopilus/Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium sp., Clonostachys sp., Epicoccum sp., and Fusarium sp. | Antifungal compounds | Verticillium dahliae | [235] |
| PR proteins | |||||
| Lab experiment; British Columbia, Canada | Roots of Chinese cabbage | Heteroconium chaetospira | PR2 (β-1,3-glucanase) | Club rot; Plasmodiophora brassicae | [120] |
| Lab experiment; Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Greece | Root tissue of tomato | Fusarium solani | PR5 and PR7 | Fusarium oxysporum | [106] |
| Lab experiment; Research Center for BioSystems, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany | Roots | Piriformospora indica | PR1, PR2, and PR5 | Powdery mildew; Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei | [158] |