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. 2023 Sep 12;14:5620. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41412-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Heatmap showing the different expansions and contractions in multiple gene families. Several gene families have been contracted in H. aoede. b Plots showing different evolutionary features of some of the analyzed gene families (minimum of 3 genes in Eueides spp. and Heliconius spp.). At the top section, dynamic pie charts showing mean K value (selection intensifier parameter). Values below one indicates a relaxation, while above one indicates intensification towards diversifying positive selection. The size of the pie charts indicates the fraction of genes under intensification (red) and relaxation (blue), and it is scaled according to the proportion of genes for which K was significantly different from H₀ (No difference) (see Methods). For different gene families the panel below shows the gene turnover rate (λ) (left y-axis); right y-axis shows the distributions of mean ω for near-scOGs (see Methods) in Eueides and Heliconius (right y-axis). Asterisks indicate significant shifts between Eueides and Heliconius (One-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum tests; *≤0.05; **≤0.01; ***≤0.001). c Violin plot showing the distributions of mean ω rates (d_N/d_S) in scOGs according to their lineage-specificity (one-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test, P-value < 0.05). d Distribution of mean ω rates (left) for scOGs on six branches of Heliconiini, and the proportion of genes for which ω is higher than one (right) (one-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test, P adjusted values ≤ 0.05). For all plots boxplots within the violin plots bars indicate the interquartile ranges (IQR), while whiskers the quartile (Q) ± 1.5*IQR.