Table 3.
Results from logistic regression analysis of discriminatory attitudes by socio-economic characteristics in high HIV prevalence states in India, 2016–21.
| Characteristics | NFHS-4 | NFHS-5 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| Age (in years) | ||||
| 15–24® | ||||
| 25–39 | 0.87*** (0.78–0.96) | 0.88*** (0.81–0.96) | 0.76*** (0.69–.84) | 0.75*** (0.69–0.82) |
| 40 and above | 1 (0.88–1.14) | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) | 0.82*** (0.72–0.93) | 0.81*** (0.73–0.9) |
| Educational status | ||||
| No formal education® | ||||
| Primary | 0.87* (0.75–1) | 0.91* (0.81–1.01) | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | 0.89** (0.79–0.99) |
| Secondary | 0.67*** (0.6–0.76) | 0.68*** (0.62–0.74) | 0.72*** (0.64–0.81) | 0.69*** (0.63–0.76) |
| Higher | 0.48*** (0.41–0.55) | 0.45*** (0.39–0.51) | 0.48*** (0.41–0.55) | 0.44*** (0.39–0.5) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Never in union® | ||||
| Currently in union | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 1.09* (1–1.2) | 1.09 (0.98–1.2) | 1.15*** (1.04–1.26) |
| Formerly in union | 0.95 (0.69–1.33) | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 1.06 (0.78–1.44) | 1.16* (0.99–1.34) |
| Mass media exposure | ||||
| No exposure® | ||||
| Mass media exposure | 0.68*** (0.6–0.77) | 0.79*** (0.71–0.88) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 1.01 (0.95–1.09) |
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Poorest® | ||||
| Poorer | 0.78*** (0.67–0.91) | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | 0.78*** (0.69–0.89) | 0.87** (0.77–0.98) |
| Middle | 0.7*** (0.6–0.82) | 0.84** (0.73–0.97) | 0.69*** (0.61–0.79) | 0.8*** (0.71–0.91) |
| Richer | 0.6*** (0.52–0.71) | 0.74*** (0.63–0.86) | 0.65*** (0.57–0.74) | 0.82*** (0.72–0.93) |
| Richest | 0.57*** (0.47–0.67) | 0.69*** (0.59–0.82) | 0.59*** (0.51–.69) | 0.75*** (0.64–0.87) |
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu® | ||||
| Muslim | 1.09 (0.96–1.23) | 0.97 (0.87–1.08) | 1.07 (0.94–1.2) | 1.1* (0.99–1.23) |
| Christian | 1.02 (0.86–1.2) | 1.02 (0.89–1.18) | 0.95 (0.79–.13) | 1.01 (0.88–1.17) |
| Others | 1.21* (0.99–1.48) | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 0.92 (0.75–1.13) | 1.12 (0.92–1.37) |
| Caste | ||||
| Scheduled Caste (SC)® | ||||
| Scheduled Tribes (ST) | 1.24*** (1.07–1.44) | 1.16** (1.02–1.33) | 1.07 (0.93–1.22) | 1.31*** (1.16–1.48) |
| Other Backward Caste (OBC) | 1.1* (1–1.21) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 1.11** (1.03–1.21) |
| Others | 1.1 (0.97–1.25) | 1 (0.89–1.12) | 0.81*** (0.72–0.91) | 1 (0.89–1.12) |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban® | ||||
| Rural | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 1.07** (1–1.15) | 1.07* (0.99–1.16) | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) |
| Comprehensive knowledge | ||||
| No® | ||||
| Yes | 0.4*** (0.37–0.43) | 0.39*** (0.36–0.43) | 0.52*** (0.48–0.56) | 0.44*** (0.41–0.47) |
| Knowledge of mother-to-child transmission | ||||
| No® | ||||
| Yes | 0.87*** (0.81–0.93) | 0.88*** (0.83–0.94) | 0.87*** (0.82–0.93) | 0.83*** (0.78–0.89) |
| Used condom at last sex | ||||
| No® | ||||
| Yes | 0.92 (0.78–1.08) | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 0.95 (0.82–1.1) |
| State | ||||
| Andhra Pradesh | 0.72*** (0.61–0.84) | 1.2*** (1.06–1.37) | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) |
| Karnataka | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) | 0.87** (0.76–0.99) | 1.2** (1.04–1.39) | 0.87** (0.76–0.99) |
| Maharashtra | 0.53*** (0.44–0.65) | 0.51*** (0.43–0.61) | 0.58*** (0.46–0.73) | 0.44*** (0.36–0.54) |
| Manipur | 0.45*** (0.35–0.57) | 0.42*** (0.34–0.52) | 0.37*** (0.28–0.5) | 0.29*** (0.22–0.37) |
| Mizoram | 1.51*** (1.2–1.9) | 1.49*** (1.22–1.82) | 0.66*** (0.51–0.85) | 0.56*** (0.45–0.69) |
| Nagaland | 1.2** (1.03–1.39) | 1.3*** (1.15–1.47) | 2.95*** (2.55–3.41) | 3.69*** (3.23–4.21) |
| Tamilnadu | 2.02*** (1.68–2.42) | 1.49*** (1.26–1.74) | 1.25*** (1.08–1.4) | 1.25*** (1.1–1.42) |
| Telangana | 1.65 (1.28–2.13) | 1.49 (1.2–1.85) | 0.8 (0.59–1.07) | 1.41*** (1.15–1.72) |
Note: ® represents reference category. *Represents statistically significant values at 90% CI. **represents statistically significant values at 95% CI. ***represents statistically significant values at 99% CI.