Table 1.
Pathogens in COVID-19 and influenza patients with co-infections and ICU-acquired superinfections.
| Coinfections | ICU-acquired superinfections | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 N = 123 | Influenza N = 145 | p value | COVID-19 N = 123 | Influenza N = 145 | p-value | |
| Bacterial infection | 27 (22) | 29 (20) | 0.695 | 50 (40.7) | 69(47.6) | 0.255 |
| Gram-positive | ||||||
| Enterococcus faecium | 9 (7.3) | 0 | 0.001 | 5 (4.1) | 1 (0.7) | 0.097 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 5 (4.1) | 5 (3.4) | 1 | 3 (2.4) | 1 (0.7) | 0.336 |
| MRSA | 1 (20) | 2 (40) | 1 | 3 (100) | 1 (100) | - |
| MSSA | 0 | 3 (60) | 0.167 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 5 (4.1) | 0 | 0.019 | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.459 |
| Streptococcus constellatus | 0 | 0 | - | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.459 |
| Corynebacterium striatum | 3 (2.4) | 4 (2.8) | 1 | 23 (18.7) | 3 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| Enterococcus faecali | 3 (2.4) | 0 | 0.095 | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.459 |
| Tropheryma whipplei | 3 (2.4) | 0 | 0.095 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Streptococcus agalactiae | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.459 | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.459 |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 1 | 2 (1.6) | 1 (0.7) | 0.595 |
| Gram-negtive | ||||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 9 (7.3) | 10 (6.9) | 0.894 | 4 (3.3) | 31 (21.4) | <0.001 |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 6 (4.9) | 14 (9.7) | 0.138 | 27 (22) | 41 (28.3) | 0.236 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 5 (4.1) | 6 (4.1) | 0.976 | 8 (6.5) | 17 (11.7) | 0.143 |
| Escherichia coli | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 (4.1) | 2 (1.4) | 0.253 |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 3 (2.4) | 1 (0.7) | 0.336 | 1 (0.8) | 11 (7.6) | 0.008 |
| Achromobacter xylosoxidans | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.7) | 1 | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.7) | 1 |
| Burkholderia cenocepacia | 0 | 5 (3.4) | 0.064 | 3 (2.4) | 17 (11.7) | 0.004 |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 0 | 0 | – | 2 (1.6) | 4 (2.8) | 0.690 |
| Ralstonia mannitolilytica | 0 | 2 (1.4) | 0.502 | 2 (1.6) | 4 (2.8) | 0.690 |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | 0 | 0 | – | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.459 |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 1 |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 0 | 0 | – | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.459 |
| Citrobacter koseri | 0 | 0 | – | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.459 |
| Elizabethkingia meningoseptica | 0 | 0 | – | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.459 |
| Burkholderia polyphagia | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 3 (2.1) | 0.252 |
| Acinetobacter picotelli | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 1 |
| MDR | 4 (16.6) | 18 (46.2) | 0.017 | 34 (59.6) | 80 (60.2) | 0.948 |
| Fungal infection | 20 (16.3) | 20 (13.8) | 0.572 | 15 (12.2) | 13 (9.0) | 0.389 |
| Aspergillus spp | 22 (17.9) | 18 (12.4) | 0.210 | 16 (13) | 6 (4.1) | 0.008 |
| Candida spp | 7 (5.7) | 3 (2.1) | 0.119 | 5 (4.1) | 8 (5.5) | 0.581 |
| Rhizopus spp | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 1 | 2 (1.6) | 0 | 0.210 |
| Pneumocystis jirovecii | 3 (2.4) | 0 | 0.095 | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 1 |
| Viral infection | 6 (4.9) | 10 (6.9) | 0.487 | 0 | 19 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| CMV | 6 (4.9) | 9 (6.2) | 0.637 | 0 | 17 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| RSV | 0 | 3 (2.1) | 0.252 | 0 | 2 (1.4) | 0.502 |
| Others | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 1 |
| Chlamydia psittaci | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.459 | 0 | 0 | – |
| Ureaplasma | 2 (1.6) | 0 | 0.210 | 0 | 0 | – |
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MSSA, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; MDR, multiple drug resistant; CMV, human cytomegalovirus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus.