Table 4.

Gut hormones: secretin family: their mode of delivery, site of action, their physiologic effects, and the levels post-RPC surgery and cited references

Hormone	Modes of delivery	Site of action	Effects	Levels in RPC	Cited references
Secretin	Endocrine	Pancreatic acini	↑ HCO3-rich secretion	No study in RPC
		Liver	↑ Bile secretion
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)	Neurocrine	Stomach Liver Pancreas	↓ Gastric acid secretion ↑ Glucose release ↑ Insulin release ↑ HCO3-rich secretion ↓ Absorption of water and sodium (inhibitor)	↑ in RPC with pouchitis	Keränen et al. 1996a, Keränen et al. 1996b
Peptide histidine methionine (PHM)	Neurocrine	Ileum Colon Trachea Stomach Gallbladder Blood vessels	↑ Intestinal secretion of water and electrolytes (stimulatory) ↑ Pancreatic secretion of water and bicarbonate in vivo and of amylase in isolated acini (stimulatory). Relaxation of tracheal, gastric and gallbladder smooth muscle and vasodilation ↑ Insulin, glucagon and prolactin secretion (stimulatory).	No study in RPC
Glucagon like peptide	Endocrine	Lower Ileum Colon	↑ Gastric emptying ↑ Small bowel absorption ↑ Growth of small bowel mucosa ↓ Small bowel transit ↓ Gastric acid secretion ↓ Intestinal motility	↑ in RPC	Pietroletti et al. 1990, Amstrong et al. 1991, Pironi et al. 1993, Palnaes Hansen et al. 1997
Gastric inhibitor peptide (GIP)	Endocrine	Duodenum Jejunum Stomach	↓ Gastric acid secretion ↑ Insulin release ↓ Water and electrolyte absorption in ileum	↑ in RPC	Palnaes Hansen et al. 1997
		Ileum