Table 2.
hAM-derived stem cells display biological functions in various disease treatments.
| Stem cells | Secreted factors/cytokines | Biological functions | Experimental cells or animals | Involved diseases | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AECs | BDNF, CNTF and forskolin | Neuroprotective effect | Rat retinal ganglion cells | N/A | [65] |
| AECs | BDNF and NT-3 | Enhance DA neurons survival | Rats | Parkinson's disease | [66] |
| AECs-CM | N/A | Anti-inflammatory effect | Rabbits | Corneal injury | [67] |
| AECs-CM | VEGF | Promote angiogenesis | Mice | Chemotherapy-induced primary ovarian insufficiency | [68] |
| AECs and AECs-CM | TGF-β | Anti-apoptosis and promote angiogenesis | Primary granulosa-lutein cells, mice | Premature ovarian failure/insufficiency | [69] |
| AECs and AECs-CM | MMP-2/9 | Enhance ECM remodeling, anti-fibrosis, and alter macrophage polarization | Human hepatic stellate cells | Liver fibrosis | [70] |
| AECs and AECs-CM | MMP-2/9 | Anti-inflammation and anti-fibrosis | Mice | Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | [71] |
| AECs | ANG, EGF, IL-6, and MCP-1 | Promote angiogenesis | Rats | Myocardial infarction | [72] |
| AECs-derived exosomes | MMP-1 | Enhance fibroblast migration and proliferation, and downregulate collagen expression | Fibroblasts and rats | Skin injury | [74] |
| AECs-derived exosomes | miRNA | Enhance macrophage phagocytosis, reduce neutrophil myeloperoxidases activity, and suppress T cell proliferation | Mice | Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | [75] |
| AECs-derived exosomes | miR-1246 | Anti-apoptosis | Granulosa cells and Mice | Chemotherapy-induced premature ovarian failure | [76] |
| AMSCs and AMSCs-CM | PAI-1, C-GSF, TIMP-1, and uPAR | Anti-apoptosis and pro-proliferation | Keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and Mice | Skin wound | [34] |
| AMSCs | IGF-1, EGF, and IL-8 | Promote angiogenesis | Mice | Diabetic skin wound | [79] |
| AMSCs | VEGF and Ki-67 | Promote angiogenesis and pro-proliferation | Rats | Intrauterine adhesions | [80] |
| AMSCs | N/A | Anti-apoptosis | Granulosa cells and Mice | Age-related diminished ovarian reserve | [81] |
| AMSCs and AMSCs-CM | IGFBP-3 and DKK-1/3 | Inhibit the collagen deposition and anti-fibrosis | Hepatic stellate cells and Mice | Carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis | [82] |
| AMSCs | N/A | Stimulate the osteoblastic bone formation | Mice | Mandibular osteoporosis | [83] |
| AMSCs | VEGF-A, angiopoietin-1, and FGF-2 | Promote angiogenesis | Mice | Hindlimb ischemia | [84] |
| AMSCs-CM | N/A | Promote angiogenesis | Mice | Hindlimb ischemia | [85] |
| AMSCs | N/A | Anti-inflammation | Rats | Myocardial injury | [86] |
| AMSCs | N/A | Anti-fibrosis | Rats | Isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury | [87] |
| AMSCs | DKK-1/3 and IGFBP-3 | Anti-tumor effect | Hepatoma cells | Liver cancer | [33] |
| AMSCs | N/A | Anti-tumor effect | Prostate cancer cells | Prostate cancer | [88] |
| AMSCs-derived extracellular vesicles | N/A | Immunomodulatory effect | Immune cells | N/A | [89] |