Table 1.
The sum of the proportions of total area (range = 0–21) during four seasons across 21 urban areas within the contiguous USA (figure 1; electronic supplementary material, appendix S8: table S1) where the small-to-large curve occurred above the large-to-small curve for seven measures of avian diversity: species richness, beta diversity, rarity, phylogenetic diversity (PD), mean pairwise distance (MPD), mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD), functional diversity (FD) and the mean FD from the jackknife sensitivity analysis (figure 3). The three phylogenetic metrics (PD, MPD, and MNTD) were converted to standardized effect size (SES). The per cent of the 21 urban areas where SS > SL received the greatest support (proportion greater than 0.50) are shown in parentheses.
| diversity measure | nonbreeding season | spring migration | breeding season | autumn migration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| species richness | 21 (100) | 21 (100) | 21 (100) | 21 (100) |
| beta diversity | 21 (100) | 21 (100) | 21 (100) | 21 (100) |
| rarity | 21 (100) | 19.9 (95) | 19.8 (95) | 19.7 (95) |
| PD (SES) | 7.7 (38) | 11.9 (52) | 12.1 (52) | 12.2 (62) |
| MPD (SES) | 11.3 (57) | 12.7 (67) | 15.6 (81) | 12.3 (57) |
| MNTD (SES) | 6.4 (29) | 10.4 (52) | 13.3 (67) | 9.8 (48) |
| FD | 14.6 (67) | 11.0 (52) | 10.6 (52) | 9.2 (43) |
| FD (mean) | 13.6 (67) | 10.3 (43) | 11.8 (57) | 10.2 (48) |