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. 2023 Aug 29;25:e47540. doi: 10.2196/47540

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©Mohammad Tajabadi, Linus Grabenhenrich, Adèle Ribeiro, Michael Leyer, Dominik Heider. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 29.08.2023.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Accuracies distribution for local and SL models across nodes. Node 1 contributes the least proportion of data, whereas node 3 contributes the largest proportion. Left: fair scenario, in which models are commensurate with contributions. Right: unfair scenario, in which all nodes receive the same model. SL: swarm learning.