Table 1.

Biomarkers expressed on activated endothelial cells

Endothelial markers	Ligands	Effects
Endoglin	TGF-β	Essential for angiogenesis
vWF	Factor VIII, platelet glycoprotein, heparin, and collagen	Regulating angiogenesis, proliferation and migration as well as Ang-2 release
ICAM-1	ICAM-1	Modulating leukocyteadhesion and movement on endothelial cells
VCAM-1	VLA-4 integrin	Modulating leukocyteadhesion and movement on endothelial cells
PECAM-1	CD31	Promoting endothelial intercellular junction to enhance endothelial barrier properties. modulate leukocyte adhesion and movement on endothelial cells
E-selectin	Sialyl-Lewis X antigen and other carbohydrates	Modulating leukocyte movement on endothelial cells
P-selectin	Carbohydrate determinants on selectin ligands	Regulating leukocyte adhesion and movement on endothelial cells
VEGFR-1(Flt-1)	VEGF	Stimulating endothelial cell migration, hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis
VEGFR-2 (Flk-1)	VEGF	Promoting certain cancers progression
Tie-2	Angiopoietins	Regulating angiogenesis and permeability of endothelial cells
ACE	Angiotensin	Catalyzing the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II to induce vasoconstriction and increase vascular permeability
ANGPTLs	Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors	Regulating angiogenesis and some may exhibit other functions

TGF-β Transforming growth factor-β, vWF von Willebrand factor, ICAM-1 Intercellular adhesion molecule-1, VCAM-1 Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, PECAM-1 Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGFR Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, Ang Angiopoietins, ANGPTL Angiopoietin-like proteins, Flt-1 Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, Flk-1 Fetal liver kinase-1, ACE Angiotensin converting enzyme, eNOS Endothelial nitric oxide synthases