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. 2023 Sep 12;24:221. doi: 10.1186/s12931-023-02527-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Representative tissue micrograph (a) for CD68+ cells in the epithelium (black arrow), reticular basement membrane (RBM) (circled), and lamina propria (LP) (red arrow). Box plots showing CD68 + macrophages in the large airway epithelium (b), RBM (c), and LP (d) of healthy control (HC), asthma COPD overlap (ACO), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ex–smokers (ES) and current smokers (CS), and normal lung function smokers (NLFS). The horizontal line inside each box represents the median; the top and bottom of each box represent the upper and lower quartiles, respectively; and the whiskers represent extreme values. ANOVA P-value representation * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001, **** < 0.0001. Insignificant P values are not shown in the plot